Honor, Feuding, and National Fragmentation in Kurdistan

Akman, Haci

doi:10.4324/9781315235950-6

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…predominantly deal with these concepts in the context of sexuality, ignoring other equally important contexts where these concepts might exhibit distinct meanings and functions (Akman, 2002;Beeman, 1986;Fischer & Abedi, 1990;Mir-Hosseini, 2000). Furthermore, they tend to establish a rather fixed relationship between moral values and gender types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strong link between gheirat and honor has led some scholars to translate gheirat as "honor" or "sexual honor" (Akman, 2002;Milani, 1992;Mir-Hosseini, 2000). Fischer and Abedi (1990) define gheirat as a "form of honor that restrains men from spoiling the honor of other men" (p. 179).…”

Section: Definitions Of the Key Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smith et al (1971) define gheirat as the person's "enthusiasm or zeal in defense of his honor, [which] comes into play when an insult or injury occurs to an individual or a group that one is expected to defend" (p. 240). Akman (2002) observes that gheirat denotes the ability and courage to stand up and fight for the interests (the honor) of the family 2. This website provides an easy access to important Persian dictionaries online and it provides the same content that is included in the print dictionary.…”

Section: Definitions Of the Key Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultural model of sexuality in Persian: A cognitive linguistic investigation of key concepts in Iranian culture

Bakhtiar¹

2018

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This research is a cognitive linguistic investigation of the concepts of GHEIRAT 'moral vigilance', HAYA 'self-restraint', EFFAT 'chastity', and HEJAB 'veiling', which comprise the core of control mechanism in Iranian culture. The study aimed to find out whether these moral values are interrelated and examine how cognitive linguistics can contribute to discovering the ways in which they are connected to each other and fulfill their functions in the course of controlling the sexuality of men and women. The study finds that the Persian concepts are interrelated and form a conceptual cluster that operates to regulate the sexuality of Iranians. The interrelationship between the concepts and their systematic functioning was demonstrated through lexical collocates, shared conceptual metaphors, conceptual metonymies, categorization, and embodiment.The analysis reveals that gheirat, haya, effat, and hejab are part of a larger cultural model that operates to keep a legitimate, safe distance between men and women. According to the analysis, the cultural model of sexuality in Persian is founded on and guided by the Islamic principle of mahramiyat 'legitimate intimacy', which pulls together gheirat 'moral vigilance', haya 'self-restraint', effat 'chastity', âberu 'face/public image', nâmus 'female family members', harim 'holy space/border', and hejab 'veiling' in order to keep the sexes segregated.Within the identified model, mahramiyat 'legitimate intimacy' defines the specific category of people toward whom one should maintain a certain physical and social distance.Gheirat surveils the situations in which social interactions take place. It monitors the conducts of individuals, triggering reactions in people to tackle cases of taboo violation through admonishing, criticizing, fighting with, and, in extreme cases, through murdering the perpetrators. Haya 'self-restraint' operates to prevent the self from causing and feeling (further) shame through holding back the self, setting up a barrier between the self and what is considered as taboo, offensive, shameful, and unpleasant. Effat 'chastity' exclusively functions to discipline the body and set limits to bodily desires. It specifically deals with concealing illegitimate sexual desire so as to prevent the person from transgressing norms of conduct. Nâmus 'female family members' represents the heightened significance of women as holders of the family's honor and of their manner of conduct in society. Female family members are also strongly protected by men against social threats, such as sexually charged looks, sexual comments, and rape. Harim 'holy space/border' marks the boundary between cultural values and taboo behavior, assigning a high degree of sanctity to cultural values, and

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Definitions Of the Key Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Definitions Of the Key Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cultural model of sexuality in Persian: A cognitive linguistic investigation of key concepts in Iranian culture

Bakhtiar¹

2018

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Who can I count on: Honor, self-reliance, and family in the United States and Iran

Wang,

Atari,

Oyserman

2024

PLoS ONE

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Honor requires that individuals demonstrate their worth in the eyes of others. However, it is unclear how honor and its implications for behavior vary between societies. Here, we explore the tension between competing views about how to make sense of honor–as narrowly defined through self-reliance and self-defense or as broadly defined through strength of character. The former suggests that demonstrating the ability to defend one’s self, is a crucial component of honor, while the latter allows the centrality of self-reliance to vary depending on circumstances. To examine these implications, we conducted studies in the U.S., where self-reliance is central to honor, and in Iran, where individual agency must be balanced against the interests of kin. Americans (Studies 1, 2a; n = 978) who endorsed honor values tended to ignore governmental COVID-19 measures because they preferred relying on themselves. In contrast, honor-minded Iranians (Study 2b; n = 201) adhered to public-health guidelines and did not prefer self-reliance. Moreover, honor-minded Iranians endorsed family-reliance, but did not moralize self-reliance (Study 3; n = 107), while honor-minded Americans endorsed family-reliance and moralized self-reliance (Study 3; n = 120). Results suggest that local norms may shape how honor is expressed across cultures.

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Honor, Feuding, and National Fragmentation in Kurdistan

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Cultural model of sexuality in Persian: A cognitive linguistic investigation of key concepts in Iranian culture

Cultural model of sexuality in Persian: A cognitive linguistic investigation of key concepts in Iranian culture

Who can I count on: Honor, self-reliance, and family in the United States and Iran

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