Hooligans

Abstract

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Differences in National Identity, Violence and Conflict in International Sport Tournaments: Hic Sunt Leones!

“…Conversely, sport can be contrary to national policy and agenda, as even during warfare, an anti‐nationalistic sporting contest can break out. Elias and Dunning () considered the football match as the stylisation of a war and this approach has been consequently used to interpret violent off‐pitch phenomena such as hooliganism (Caruso and Di Domizio, ; Leeson et al, ). The role of violence in sport has been widely debated in the economic literature, particularly for football (Giulianotti et al, ).…”

International Hostility and Aggressiveness on the Soccer Pitch: Evidence from European Championships and World Cups for the Period 2000-2012

“…That kind of approach was largely used to interpret the violent phenomena related to soccer, as hooliganism (Caruso and Di Domizio, 2012;Leeson et al, 2012). Less attention has been paid to the «potential» role of political and economic interactions in determining the aggressive attitude of players on the pitch.…”

Spontaneous disorder: conflict-kindling institutions in virtual worlds

“…From a preference perspective, gankers could be like ‘sadistic’ hooligans who derive utility from harming others (Leeson et al , 2012). They could also be merely enjoying conflict (or ‘winning’) for recreational reasons – in a setting where no user suffers bodily injury or physical death.…”