Hop Tests as Predictors of Dynamic Knee Stability

Fitzgerald, G. Kelley; Lephart, Scott M.; Hwang, Jongseok; Wainner, Robert S.

doi:10.2519/jospt.2001.31.10.588

Cited by 214 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…All single legged hop tests were supervised by the same physical therapist (HM). The functional examination consists of four previously described and validated single legged hop tests [11,15,17,42]. The tests include (1) the single hop test, (2) the triple hop test, (3) the triple crossover hop test, and (4) the six meter timed hop test.…”

Section: Performance Based Functional Hop Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance-based functional outcome for children 12 years or younger following anterior cruciate ligament injury: a two to nine-year follow-up study

Moksnes

Engebretsen

Risberg

2007

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthr

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There is limited scientific knowledge on ACL injuries in children 12 years or younger. Substantial controversy exists on treatment algorithms and there are no published data on performance-based functional outcome. Classification of adult ACL injured subjects as copers and non-copers is common, but no study has classified knee function in children using performance-based functional test after ACL injury. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the medium-term functional outcome among children with ACL injury and to classify them as copers and noncopers. Children 12 years or younger who were referred to our institution from 1996 to 2004 with an ACL injury were included. Twenty non-operated subjects (21 knees) and six ACL reconstructed subjects (7 knees) were examined at a minimum of 2 years after ACL injury or reconstruction. Four single-legged hop tests, isokinetic muscle strength measurements, and three functional questionnaires (IKDC 2000, KOS-ADLS and Lysholm) were used as outcome measurements. Children who had resumed their pre-injury activity level and performed above 90% on all hop tests were classified as copers following non-operative treatment and ACL reconstruction. The 26 children were on average 10.1 years at the time of injury. Of the non-operated children, 65% had returned to pre-injury activity level, and 50% were classified as copers. Copers scored significantly better than non-copers on single hop for distance, IKDC 2000, and Lysholm score. Of the non-operated children, 9.5% had suffered a secondary meniscus injury. Of the ACL reconstructed subjects, 67% were classified as copers at follow-up. Non-operated ACL-deficient children demonstrated excellent knee function on performance-based single-legged hop tests and 65% had returned to pre-injury activity level. Delayed ACL reconstruction resulted in success for a majority of the ACL-reconstructed children. Treatment algorithms for ACL-injured children are discussed.

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Section: Performance Based Functional Hop Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance-based functional outcome for children 12 years or younger following anterior cruciate ligament injury: a two to nine-year follow-up study

Moksnes

Engebretsen

Risberg

2007

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthr

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“…A huge variety of hop test procedures have been described [6,9,10,11,12,13] including vertical jump tests, timed hop and single leg hop tests for distance. Clinicians have used single leg hop tests to assess their patients' lower extremity muscular strength and ability to perform tasks that challenge knee stability [14]. These tests are also commonly used to evaluate progress in knee rehabilitation programs [14] or as an objective tool to evaluate a patient's total leg function [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of Two Clinical Knee Strength Assessments Compared to the Reference Standard

Weng¹,

Janssen²,

Richards³

et al. 2015

IJPR

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Objectives: Patello femoral Pain (PFP) is the most common lower limb condition encountered in clinical practice. It recently emerged as the third highest ranked topic out of 185 in the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy Musculoskeletal Research Priority Project. For a valid assessment of knee strength during rehabilitation, the isometric test using the isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex) and the hand-held dynamometer (HHD) is not well received with clinical practice. An alternative way is through functional hop tests which clinicians have used to assess their patients' lower extremity muscular strength. This study investigates the validity of knee strength assessments conducted with the HHD and the hoptest compared to the isokinetic dynamometer and also explores differences between genders of the three assessments.Design: Each assessment included one submaximal and three recorded maximal efforts of the dominant leg. Quadriceps muscle strength was displayed in normalized torques. Correlation coefficients and box-and-whisker plots was used to analyze the data. Setting: Movement analysis laboratoryParticipants: Sixteen males (age 23.5 ± 4.23 years, height 1.79 ± 0.08 m and body mass 76.21 ± 10.58 kg, BMI 23.82 ± 2.38 kg/m²) and 16 females (age 25.38 ± 5.49 years, height 1.67 ± 0.08 m and body mass 71.99 ± 16.05 kg, BMI 25.83 ± 4.74 kg/m²) between 18 and 40 years old without any musculoskeletal injuries participated. Main outcome measures:Knee moments normalized for bodyweight (Nm/kg) for dynamometers and distance jumped for single legged hoptest. Results:The strongest significant correlation was found for the comparison between the HHD and Cybex (r=0.71, r²=0.504, p=0.001). Correlation between the HHD and hoptest (r=0. 4, r²=0.19, p=0.013), and Cybex and hoptest (r=0.53, r²=0.295, p=0.001) were poor. Comparing genders, the normalized knee extension moment on the Cybex was 28.8% lower and with the HHD 22.3% lower for females. Conclusions:Single legged hop test appears not to provide a suitable alternative for strength measurement in a clinical setting. Differences in hop performances, especially the use of the arms, seem to be important. Gender differences exist in knee strength assessments. The use of EMG-Analysis in further research might identify differences in muscle recruiting during all three tests.

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“…6,7 The uninjured limb (UL) is used as a reference, and the goal of rehabilitation is to increase side-to-side symmetry. 6,[8][9][10] The isokinetic test helps to quantify muscular recovery by measuring peak muscle torque of the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee joint. Some authors 1,11 have shown deficits in the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles after ACL reconstruction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Motion Alterations After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Comparison of the Injured and Uninjured Lower Limbs During a Single-Legged Jump

Fontenay

Argaud

Blache

et al. 2014

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Asymmetries subsist after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R), and it is unclear how lower limb motion is altered in the context of a dynamic movement.Objective: To highlight the alterations observed in the injured limb (IL) during the performance of a dynamic movement after ACL-R.Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 11 men (age ¼ 23.3 6 3.8 years, mass ¼ 81.2 6 17.0 kg) who underwent ACL-R took part in this study 7.3 6 1.1 months (range ¼ 6-9 months) after surgery.Intervention(s): Kinematic and kinetic analyses of a singlelegged squat jump were performed. The uninjured leg (UL) was used as the control variable.Main Outcome Measure(s): Kinematic and kinetic variables.Results: Jump height was 24% less for the IL than the UL (F 1,9 ¼ 23.3, P ¼ .001), whereas the push-off phase duration was similar for both lower limbs (P ¼ .96). Knee-joint extension (F 1,9 ¼ 11.4, P ¼ .009), and ankle plantar flexion (F 1,9 ¼ 22.6, P ¼ .001) were less at takeoff for the IL than the UL. The hip angle at takeoff was not different between lower limbs (P ¼ .09). We found that total moment was 14% less (F 1,9 ¼ 11.1, P ¼ .01) and total power was 35% less (F 1,9 ¼ 24.2, P ¼ .001) for the IL than the UL. Maximal hip (P ¼ .09) and knee (P ¼ .21) power was not different between legs. The IL had 34% less maximal ankle power (F 1,9 ¼ 11.3, P ¼ .009) and 31% less angular velocity of ankle plantar flexion (F 1,9 ¼ 17.8, P ¼ .004) than the UL.Conclusions: At 7.3 months after ACL-R, motion alterations were present in the IL, leading to a decrease in dynamic movement performance. Enhancing the tools for assessing articular and muscular variables during a multijoint movement would help to individualize rehabilitation protocols after ACL-R.Key Words: knee, dynamic movement, hop test, rehabilitation Key PointsKinematic and kinetic alterations were demonstrated in the injured leg at 7.3 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. These alterations led to decreased jump height during a single-legged squat jump in the injured leg. Enhancing tools for assessing articular and muscular variables during a multijoint movement would help to individualize rehabilitation protocols after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

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Hop Tests as Predictors of Dynamic Knee Stability

Cited by 214 publications

References 28 publications

Performance-based functional outcome for children 12 years or younger following anterior cruciate ligament injury: a two to nine-year follow-up study

Performance-based functional outcome for children 12 years or younger following anterior cruciate ligament injury: a two to nine-year follow-up study

Validity of Two Clinical Knee Strength Assessments Compared to the Reference Standard

Motion Alterations After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Comparison of the Injured and Uninjured Lower Limbs During a Single-Legged Jump

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