Horizontal Transfer of Spinosad inCoptotermes formosanus(Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Abstract

Slow-acting and nonrepellent termiticides are possible candidates for nestmate to nestmate transfer called horizontal transfer. For the horizontal transfer study of spinosad, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki was released in sand and soil at 1, 25, and 50 ppm Entrust(®) for 1 h and then mixed with healthy untreated termites for 21 d at the ratio of 1:1. Donor and recipient termites began to contact and groom each other immediately after release. Mortality of termites was recorded at 1, 3, 7, and 14 d after treatment. Spinosad was more effectively transferred in sand than in soil. In sand at 25 and 50 ppm, significantly high mortality of donors and recipients was observed after 7 d. When termites were exposed to treated soil at day 21, all three concentrations resulted in significantly higher mortality compared to the control. In our laboratory study, spinosad was effectively transferred by donor termites. Transfer of spinosad depended on its bioavailability and concentration. Further study is needed to address its effects against C. formosanus under field conditions.

The Effect of Botanical Pesticides Azadirachtin, Celangulin, and Veratramine Exposure on an Invertebrate Species Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

“…This process directly or indirectly influences individual and social interactions among colony members. Insecticides that possess the ability of horizontal transfer, which is a significant mode of action, have been utilized to facilitate this function in social insects through the behavior of replacing the corpses of colony members [ 68 , 69 ]. A study reported that red imported fire ants, being a social insect, were found to be unaffected by the presence of corpses treated with any of the test chemicals, indicating that they were not deterred from removing them from the nest area [ 70 ].…”

Toxicity, horizontal transfer, and physiological and behavioral effects of cycloxaprid against Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

“…The horizontal transfer of insecticides is an important mode of action to control social pests. [35][36][37] Untreated ants may acquire a lethal dose of toxicants when carrying and moving the corpses killed by certain insecticides. 13,38,39 For example, Wiltz et al 13 reported that corpses killed by the fast-acting insecticide bifenthrin caused higher horizontal toxicity against recipient ants than slower-acting insecticides such as chlorfenapyr, fipronil, and thiamethoxam.…”

“…The horizontal transfer of insecticides is an important mode of action to control social pests 35–37 . Untreated ants may acquire a lethal dose of toxicants when carrying and moving the corpses killed by certain insecticides 13,38,39 .…”

Larval Aggregation of Heortia vitessoides Moore (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and Evidence of Horizontal Transfer of Avermectin

“…The horizontal transfer of chemical pesticides is a mode of action that requires a limited amount of pesticides, which can be transferred from pesticide-exposed (treated) individuals to unexposed (untreated) individuals. This method has been widely applied to control the gregarious insects such as termites [18,19], ants [20,21], and bed bugs [22]. Here we hypothesized that the chemical pesticide (i.e., avermectin) can be horizontally transferred within the aggregations of H. vitessoides larvae, and avermectin-transfer bioassays were conducted to verify this under laboratory conditions.…”