Hormesis, cellular stress response and neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: Early onset versus late onset state

Abstract

Abnormal redox homeostasis and oxidative stress have been proposed to play a role in the etiology of several neuropsychiatric spectrum disorders. Emerging interest has recently focused on markers of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in schizophrenic spectrum disorders, at least in particular subgroups of patients. Altered expression of genes related to oxidative stress, oxidative damage to DNA, protein and lipids, as well as reduced glutathione levels in central and peripheral tissues could act synergistically, and contribute to the course of the disease. Herein, we discuss cellular mechanisms that may be operative in neuroinflammation and contributory to schizophrenia. We address modulation of endogenous cellular defense mechanisms as a potentially innovative approach to therapeutics for schizophrenia, and other neuropsychiatric conditions that are associated with neuroinflammation. Specifically, we discuss the emerging role of heme oxygenase as prominent member of neuroprotective network in redox stress responsive mechanisms, as well as the importance of glutathione relevant in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Finally we introduce the hormetic dose response concept as relevant and important to neuroprotection, and review hormetic mechanisms as possible approaches to manipulation of neuroinflammatory targets that may be viable for treating schizophrenia spectrum disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Antioxidant Defence Systems and Oxidative Stress in Poultry Biology: An Update

“…The products of the aforementioned vitagenes are believed to be involved in the detection and creation of a protective response to diverse forms of stress and cell injuries. The molecular mechanisms of the vitagene network operation in various stress conditions have been recently reviewed [110,164], and the biochemical and physiological consequences of the upregulation of the vitagene network in cells and the organism as whole is an important direction of current research [12,165,166]. In accordance with the above reports, cellular stress response could be modified by vitagene activation leading to additional synthesis of various protective antioxidant molecules helping effective stress adaptation.…”

“…In accordance with the above reports, cellular stress response could be modified by vitagene activation leading to additional synthesis of various protective antioxidant molecules helping effective stress adaptation. The vitagene concept already found its acceptance in the medical sciences in relation to neurodegenerative disorders [107], neuroprotection [109,167], autism [168], dermatology [169], osteoporosis and Alzheimer pathology [165,166,[170][171][172], schizophrenia [12], free radical-related diseases [173,174], aging and longevity [108,110,175,176].…”

“…or removal (e.g., phospholipases, proteosomes). In recent years, the signalling role of free radicals has received much attention [8,9] and the vital functions of various transcription factors [10,11] and vitagenes [12,13] have been described. It is the aim of this review to present an updated assessment of antioxidant defence systems in poultry.…”

Differential effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on astroglial cells in vitro

“…Bobermin et al International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 69 (2018) 1-9 lower GSH levels have been proposed to play a role in the etiology and the course of several neuropsychiatric spectrum disorders (Calabrese et al, 2017;Gu et al, 2015). As such, studies are currently evaluating the efficacy of GSH, and/or molecules that elicit increases in brain GSH, in reducing or preventing the signs and symptoms of certain neuropsychiatric pathologies (Calabrese et al, 2017;Morris et al, 2014). The interaction between neuroinflammation and oxidative stress is strongly associated with the NFκB signaling pathway activation.…”

Vitagene Regulation as a New Strategy to Fight Stresses in Poultry Production

“…The vitagene family includes heat shock proteins (HSPs; Heme oxygenase-1 and HSP70), the thioredoxins (Trx)/thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) system, sirtuins [9] and superoxide dismutases (SOD) [10]. The vitagene concept has been applied to various human diseases, involving neurodegenerative disorders [11], neuroprotection [12], schizophrenia [13], vascular dementia [14], autism spectrum disorders [15], aging and longevity [9,[16][17][18], dermatology [19], free radical-related diseases [20], osteoporosis and Alzheimer pathology [21]. The vitagene concept was successfully transferred from medical sciences to agricultural sciences, including poultry and pig production [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] and was reviewed in previous issue of this journal 5 years ago [23].…”