Hormetic response to B-type procyanidin ingestion involves stress-related neuromodulation via the gut-brain axis: Preclinical and clinical observations

Abstract

B-type procyanidins, a series of catechin oligomers, are among the most ingested polyphenols in the human diet. Results of meta-analyses have suggested that intake of B-type procyanidins reduces cardiovascular disease risk. Another recent focus has been on the effects of B-type procyanidins on central nervous system (CNS) function. Although long-term B-type procyanidin ingestion is linked to health benefits, a single oral intake has been reported to cause physiological alterations in circulation, metabolism, and the CNS. Comprehensive analyses of previous reports indicate an optimal mid-range dose for the hemodynamic effects of B-type procyanidins, with null responses at lower or higher doses, suggesting hormesis. Indeed, polyphenols, including B-type procyanidins, elicit hormetic responses in vitro, but animal and clinical studies are limited. Hormesis of hemodynamic and metabolic responses to B-type procyanidins was recently confirmed in animal studies, however, and our work has linked these effects to the CNS. Here, we evaluate the hormetic response elicited by B-type procyanidins, recontextualizing the results of intervention trials. In addition, we discuss the possibility that this hormetic response to B-type procyanidins arises via CNS neurotransmitter receptors. We have verified the direction of future research for B-type procyanidins in this review.

Sensory Nutrition and Bitterness and Astringency of Polyphenols

“…There are also reports that there is an optimal dosage for this impact known as hormesis, i.e., this effect is attenuated at low or high doses [104][105][106] (Figure 2a). The hormetic concept is based on the idea that low levels of stress up-regulate adaptive responses that not only precondition, repair and restore normal function to damaged tissues/organs, but also modestly over-compensate, reducing ongoing background damage [107][108][109].…”

“…This is because it is difficult to identify the main compounds responsible for biological activity because many experiments have conducted mixtures. The FMD-enhancing effect of a single dose of flavanols shows a nonlinear hormesis response [105,106]. Interestingly, anthocyanins [104,154] or flavanol [104] have been reported to be more effective on FMD in single oral doses compared with repeated doses.…”

Advancements in research on the immune-inflammatory mechanisms mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke and the regulatory role of natural plant products

“…Their molecular structure contains multiple hydroxyl structures that can effectively combine with oxygen radical anions to exhibit antioxidant and reduce inflammation properties. Since the 1980s, multiple studies have shown that PC extracts from various plants have pharmaceutical and biological activities, including reducing inflammatory responses, treating antioxidant therapy, antineoplastic therapy, and protecting the cardiovascular system ( Pinent et al, 2006 ; Holt et al, 2012 ; Lee, 2017 ; Osakabe et al, 2022 ). Yang et al found that PC can inhibit the activation of the TLR4-NLRP3 signaling pathway and the upregulation of caspase-1 and IL-1β in BV2 cells induced by OGD/R.…”

Phytochemicals and Vitamin D for a Healthy Life and Prevention of Diseases

“…Recently, procyanidins have gained much attention for their anti-ageing activities attained through the suppression of senescent cell accumulation, which causes the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) [44]. In addition, procyanidins are dose-dependently associated with the gut-brain axis in the central nervous system via neurotransmitter receptors [45]. Furthermore, oleanolic acid is a component of the white powder, called bloom, found on the surface of grapes.…”