Hormonal contraception: recent advances and controversies

doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.093

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…It takes seven to nine mutations in a set of about 350 genes to initiate a cancer and advance its evolution into a metastatic state [44]. Thus the prediction is that women using oral contraceptives will have a risk of breast cancer five times higher than that of non-contracepting women, and that has been shown to be roughly true [45]. Oral contraception is, however, protective against ovarian cancer, and so the two effects on survival cancel each other [45].…”

Section: The Range Of Issues (A) Medically Significant Genetic Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary medicine: its scope, interest and potential

2012

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This review is aimed at readers seeking an introductory overview, teaching courses and interested in visionary ideas. It first describes the range of topics covered by evolutionary medicine, which include human genetic variation, mismatches to modernity, reproductive medicine, degenerative disease, hostpathogen interactions and insights from comparisons with other species. It then discusses priorities for translational research, basic research and health management. Its conclusions are that evolutionary thinking should not displace other approaches to medical science, such as molecular medicine and cell and developmental biology, but that evolutionary insights can combine with and complement established approaches to reduce suffering and save lives. Because we are on the cusp of so much new research and innovative insights, it is hard to estimate how much impact evolutionary thinking will have on medicine, but it is already clear that its potential is enormous.

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Section: The Range Of Issues (A) Medically Significant Genetic Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary medicine: its scope, interest and potential

2012

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“…Some types of hormonal contraceptives like implants, injections, and patches are administered non-orally and continuously [ 21 ] while birth control pills are taken orally at specific time points. In d.2 and d.3 we study model response to exogenous estrogen and progesterone monotherapy, and combined treatment administered continuously for one cycle (28 days).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Today, contraception is most commonly achieved by taking a daily pill, though this method is rapidly being replaced by injectables and implants [ 20 ]. Independent of the administration method, almost all hormonal contraceptives including exogenous progesterone and/or estrogen act by blocking ovulation, changing cervical mucus, which hinders sperm transport and/or modifying endometrium which prevents implantation [ 21 ]. Aside from contraceptive benefit, suppression of ovulation can alleviate negative premenstrual symptoms [ 22 – 24 ] and reduce anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury [ 25 , 26 ], among others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an optimal contraception dosing strategy

et al. 2023

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Anovulation refers to a menstrual cycle characterized by the absence of ovulation. Exogenous hormones such as synthetic progesterone and estrogen have been used to attain this state to achieve contraception. However, large doses are associated with adverse effects such as increased risk for thrombosis and myocardial infarction. This study utilizes optimal control theory on a modified menstrual cycle model to determine the minimum total exogenous estrogen/progesterone dose, and timing of administration to induce anovulation. The mathematical model correctly predicts the mean daily levels of pituitary hormones LH and FSH, and ovarian hormones E2, P4, and Inh throughout a normal menstrual cycle and reflects the reduction in these hormone levels caused by exogenous estrogen and/or progesterone. Results show that it is possible to reduce the total dose by 92% in estrogen monotherapy, 43% in progesterone monotherapy, and that it is most effective to deliver the estrogen contraceptive in the mid follicular phase. Finally, we show that by combining estrogen and progesterone the dose can be lowered even more. These results may give clinicians insights into optimal formulations and schedule of therapy that can suppress ovulation.

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“…Hormonal contraceptives are based on synthetic combinations of estrogen and progesterone or progesterone alone, mimicking a state of pregnancy to prevent ovulation [ 3 – 5 ]. The mechanisms they use to hinder implantation are based on ovulation inhibition, alterations in the cervical mucus, and modifications in the endometrium [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Combined oral contraceptives are among the most prescribed drugs worldwide [ 13 – 15 ]. Over time, they have undergone modifications to reduce their side effects [ 6 , 8 ]. The first modification involved reducing the estrogenic component, and the second involved the development of new progestins to increase safety and limit androgenic side effects [ 6 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral manifestations in women using hormonal contraceptive methods: a systematic review

Rojo,

Lloret,

Gironés

2024

Clin Oral Invest

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Objectives To investigate the oral manifestations in women of reproductive age using hormonal contraceptive methods. Materials and methods This review is based on the PRISMA statement. A literature search incorporated observational studies from the last 21 years. An investigative question was formulated using the PICO model, studies were selected, and a quality analysis was performed using the modified STROBE guidelines. A bibliometric analysis was performed, and the data were examined. Results Thirteen articles were included, with the majority evaluating periodontal status. Others analyzed factors such as the presence of alveolar osteitis, oral candidiasis, and salivary microbiome dysbiosis. Ten articles were deemed to have a low risk of bias. Conclusions Hormonal contraceptives may increase the risk of alveolar osteitis following tooth extraction and increase the presence of the Candida species in the oral cavity. They also affect the periodontium, such as the frequent development of gingivitis, but do not lead to changes in the salivary microbiome. Clinical relevance The increasing number of women using hormonal contraceptives and the knowledge that these contraceptives can produce oral cavity alterations underscore the need to evaluate the oral manifestations found in these women.

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Hormonal contraception: recent advances and controversies

Abstract: This Educational Bulletin outlines delivery systems and contraceptive formulations, summarizes advances in emergency contraception and reviews the effects of hormonal contraception on cancer risks, cardiovascular disease, and bone.

Cited by 18 publications

References 112 publications

Evolutionary medicine: its scope, interest and potential

Evolutionary medicine: its scope, interest and potential

Toward an optimal contraception dosing strategy

Oral manifestations in women using hormonal contraceptive methods: a systematic review

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