2012
DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.4
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Hormonal effects on blood vessels

Abstract: The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is lower in younger women than in men of the same age, but it increases after menopause, implicating the atheroprotective action of endogenous estrogen. Although observational studies have suggested the efficacy of estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women, placebo-controlled, randomized trials, such as the Women's Health Initiative, have not confirmed effects of estrogen therapy on CVD. Conversely, basic, experimental research has progressed and provided mechanisti… Show more

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Cited by 30 publications
(25 citation statements)
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References 131 publications
(124 reference statements)
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“…It has long been known that atherosclerosis incidence is lower in women compared to men, but this increases after menopause suggesting an atheroprotective effect of estrogen. 32 However, randomized controlled clinical trials have found no benefit to estrogen therapy in cardiovascular disease. 33 Androgens may also provide benefit to male patients through direct action on the vasculature or through a more favorable lipid profile, though the effect of androgen therapy after andropause is unknown.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It has long been known that atherosclerosis incidence is lower in women compared to men, but this increases after menopause suggesting an atheroprotective effect of estrogen. 32 However, randomized controlled clinical trials have found no benefit to estrogen therapy in cardiovascular disease. 33 Androgens may also provide benefit to male patients through direct action on the vasculature or through a more favorable lipid profile, though the effect of androgen therapy after andropause is unknown.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1 Recent studies have demonstrated that testosterone acts as direct vasodilator in a variety of blood vessels from different species, including human arteries. 1 Recent studies have demonstrated that testosterone acts as direct vasodilator in a variety of blood vessels from different species, including human arteries.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Testosterone also promotes reproductive organ function, muscle protein synthesis, bone growth, calcium and phosphorus deposition and red blood cell formation. Studies have indicated that androgen deficiency led to not only male sexual dysfunction, erectile dysfunction, decreased reproductive capacity, but also cardiovascular disease [6], diabetes [7], osteoporosis and other diseases [8]. Thus, hypoxia-induced testosterone decrease might be one reason of male infertility.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%