Hormone contraceptive use in young women: Altered mood states, neuroendocrine and inflammatory biomarkers

Masama, Coleka; Jarkas, Dana A; Thaw, Emily; Daneshmend, Ayeila; Franklyn, Sabina; Beaurepaire, Cécile; McQuaid, Robyn J.

doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105229

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…When evaluating baseline levels of cortisol and hsCRP, the latter being a marker of systemic inflammation, we found higher levels in OC users compared with nonusers. This confirms previous reports consistently observing that OC administration increases plasma cortisol and hsCRP (38). Elevated levels of these hormones have been associated with increased risks of thrombosis (39).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Influence of Second-Generation Oral Contraceptives on Muscle Recovery after Repeated Resistance Exercise in Trained Females

OXFELDT,

PEDERSEN,

HØRMANN

et al. 2023

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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Purpose Oral contraceptives are commonly used by female athletes, but their effects on skeletal muscle are still poorly understood. We investigated if physically trained females using 2nd generation oral contraceptives (OCs) differed from non-users of OCs in the recovery of muscle function and muscle damage markers following repeated resistance exercise sessions. Methods We recruited 20 trained 2nd generation OC-users and 20 trained non-users to perform three strenuous resistance exercise sessions. Before, and 3, 24, and 48 hrs post-exercise, blood samples were collected, and participants were evaluated for muscle soreness, maximal isometric and isokinetic muscle strength, vertical jump height, Wingate power performance, leg press strength, and intermittent recovery capacity (Yo-Yo test). All participants were provided with an energy-macronutrient-balanced diet during the experimental period. Results Following resistance exercise, maximal isometric and isokinetic muscle strength, rate of force development (RFD), vertical jump height, and Wingate peak and average power were reduced, while markers of muscle damage were increased in both groups (p < 0.05). OC-users experienced a greater reduction in isokinetic strength 3, 24, and 48 hrs post-exercise compared to non-users of OCs (interaction: p < 0.05). No other interactions were observed. Conclusions We demonstrate that measures of muscle strength recovery following three strenuous resistance exercise sessions are comparable between trained females using 2nd generation OCs and non-users of OCs. However, group differences were observed for isolated dynamic (isokinetic) muscle strength, suggesting a marginal benefit of not using OCs when accelerated recovery is needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Influence of Second-Generation Oral Contraceptives on Muscle Recovery after Repeated Resistance Exercise in Trained Females

OXFELDT,

PEDERSEN,

HØRMANN

et al. 2023

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…The current investigation examined the relation between HC use and depressive and anxiety symptomatologies as well as cortisol diurnal, and awakening responses among young women in university. There were fewer effects of mood and HPA activity observed across the groups than expected, which contrasts with an earlier study from our lab indicating worse depressive and stress scores and elevated plasma cortisol levels among OC users compared to non-users (Masama et al, 2022). However, in the present investigation the relations found between specific mood outcomes and cortisol patterns among HC users or women in the follicular or luteal phase were of particular interest.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Women taking HCs had higher levels of circulating cortisol and glucocorticoid signaling compared to non-users (Hertel et al, 2017). Similarly, elevated plasma basal cortisol levels were apparent in HC-using women compared to naturally cycling women during both their follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle (Masama et al, 2022). In this regard, it has been noted that long-term HC use can mimic a chronic stress-like state, which could underlie the increased depressive symptoms (Hertel et al, 2017).…”

Section: Hormonal Contraceptives and The Two Axesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since HCs influence natural hormonal functioning, their use may contribute to the development of depressive and anxiety symptoms in a subset of women (Lewis et al, 2019). Specifically, women taking HC were more likely to report elevated depressive scores, although this was a fairly small effect (Masama et al, 2022). As well, increased risk for first diagnoses of depression and/or first antidepressant use were reported after six months of hormonal contraceptive initiation (Skovlund et al, 2016).…”

Section: Mood Disorders and Hormonal Contraceptivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hormonal Contraception Use in Young Adult Women: Implications for Mood, Stress and Neuroendocrine Functioning

Villeneuve

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Hormonal contraception is used by millions of women globally. Despite being readily available for several decades, the implications of these medications on mood and stress processes are still not fully understood. Thus, the goal of the current investigation was to examine mood and diurnal cortisol patterns among women using hormone contraceptives compared to naturally cycling women in the follicular or luteal phase.Women (N = 191) in first-and second-year university were asked to complete several selfreport questionnaires assessing depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms, and to provide diurnal salivary samples for cortisol determination. While few group differences were found in mood and cortisol outcomes, distinct correlations were apparent according to hormonal contraceptive use and menstrual cycle phase. Additionally, hormonal contraceptive use moderated the relation between cortisol profiles and mood outcomes.These results may indicate that the expected linkages between elevated depression symptoms and cortisol are dysregulated among hormonal contraceptive users. This study contributes to a growing body of evidence that highlights complex relationships between hormonal contraceptive use, mood outcomes, and hormone systems. HORMONE CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN YOUNG WOMENiii Acknowledgements I would like to sincerely thank my wonderful supervisors for the time, care, and dedication they provided me as I navigated this challenging degree. Dr. Robyn McQuaid, you are so patient, knowledgeable, and kind, and I am forever grateful to you for accepting me as a graduate student in your lab. Dr. Hymie Anisman, your expertise, wisdom, and support throughout my research and during discussions of my future aspirations were always welcome encouragement. You have both played an instrumental role in the researcher I am today, and I have learned so much from both of you. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Alfonso Abizaid and Dr.Argel Aguilar-Valles, for your valuable feedback on this project, and for always being generous with your knowledge and time. Thank you to my external examiner, Dr. Renate Ysseldyk, for joining my committee, and to Dr. Kim Matheson, for chairing my defense.To the McQuaid lab, I remind myself everyday of how fortunate I am to work with such an amazing group of people in a place where everyone's eagerness to learn, collaborate and conduct fascinating research truly shines. Ayeila Daneshmend, you have always gone above and beyond for me, and I am not sure where I would be without your continuing support and friendship throughout my degree. Dana Jarkas, you are always willing to help me with anything, and for that I am so very grateful. Thank you for always being there, and I am lucky to have learned from you.To my family, Mum, Dad, and Sam, thank you for always being there for my highs and lows, and for your unwavering support in my success, future, and career. To my love, Eric, for always being by my side and keeping me grounded and happy, thank you. To the late Skinner, you were always my ...

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“…Hormone contraceptive use is linked to changes in basal neuroendocrine and inflammatory profiles, potentially increasing the sensitivity to mood disturbances 1 . Oral contraceptives contain either a combination of estrogen and progesterone or progesterone alone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower levels of the neuroprotective tryptophan metabolite, kynurenic acid, in users of estrogen contraceptives

Bjørke-Monsen,

Varsi,

Sakkestad

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Changes in kynurenine metabolites are reported in users of estrogen containing contraception. We have assessed kynurenines, vitamin B6, vitamin B2 and the inflammation markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and neopterin, in healthy, never-pregnant women between 18 and 40 years (n = 123) and related this to their use of hormonal contraception. The population included 58 women, who did not use hormonal contraceptives (non-users), 51 users of estrogen-containing contraceptives (EC-users), and 14 users of progestin only contraceptives (PC-users). EC-users had significantly lower plasma kynurenic acid (KA) and higher xanthurenic acid (XA) levels compared to non-users. Serum CRP was significantly higher and negatively associated with both vitamin B6 and B2 status in EC-user compared to non-users. No significant differences in any parameters were seen between PC-users and non-users (p > 0.1). The low KA and high XA concentration in users of estrogen containing contraception resemble the biochemical profile observed in vitamin B6 deficiency. The hormonal effect may result from interference with the coenzyme function of vitamin B6 and B2 for particular enzymes in the kynurenine metabolism. KA has been suggested to be neuroprotective and the significantly reduced concentration in EC-users may be of importance in the observed increased risk of mood disorders among users of oral contraceptives.

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Hormone contraceptive use in young women: Altered mood states, neuroendocrine and inflammatory biomarkers

Cited by 9 publications

References 41 publications

Influence of Second-Generation Oral Contraceptives on Muscle Recovery after Repeated Resistance Exercise in Trained Females

Influence of Second-Generation Oral Contraceptives on Muscle Recovery after Repeated Resistance Exercise in Trained Females

Hormonal Contraception Use in Young Adult Women: Implications for Mood, Stress and Neuroendocrine Functioning

Lower levels of the neuroprotective tryptophan metabolite, kynurenic acid, in users of estrogen contraceptives

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