Hormone replacement therapy and dry eye syndrome.

Schaumberg, Debra A.; Buring, Julie E.; Sullivan, D. A.; Dana, M. Reza

doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01393-9

Cited by 23 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…14 Major risk factors for the development of DE have been identified as increasing age and female sex, in particular peri-and post-menopausal women, as is widely recognized in clinical practice. The fundamental role of endocrine system imbalance in the development of DE was also postulated by epidemiological studies, which reported a higher prevalence of DE in post-menopausal women who use hormone therapy (HT), especially estrogen alone [15][16][17] and in women with primary ovarian failure. 18 In particular, postmenopausal women under HT had a higher prevalence of DE than women never treated with HT (estrogen alone, 69%; estrogen plus progesterone/ progestin, 29%; 16 ).…”

Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 91%

“…144,145 The effect of HT on recovery from DE symptoms and signs in post-menopausal women also led to unclear results, and data from clinical studies were not conclusive. Some authors showed that DE incidence increased in post-menopausal women under HT treatment, 16 especially those using estrogen alone and in parallel with long-term use, while others found that HT may even trigger DE onset. [146][147][148] Only a few other authors showed that HT may be of some benefit.…”

Section: Hormone Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sex-Steroid Imbalance in Females and Dry Eye

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Giannaccare

Campos

2014

Current Eye Research

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Dry eye (DE) is a multifactorial disorder of the ocular surface unit that results in eye discomfort, visual disturbance and ocular surface damage. It is one of the most common complaints in daily ophthalmic practice. The risk of DE increases with age in both sexes, while its incidence is higher among females. In addition, the condition of menopause in aging women may also contribute to DE onset or worsening as a consequence of an overall hormonal imbalance. Sex hormones play a key role in ocular surface physiology and they impact differently on ocular surface tissues. Reduced estrogen levels were historically thought to be responsible in age-related DE onset but more recent investigations have reconsidered the role of androgens that are present and exert a protective function on the ocular surface. Hormone levels themselves, withdrawal changes in hormone levels, and the changes in hormone-receptor responsiveness are all important factors but it remains to be fully elucidated how estrogen or androgen insufficiency act alone or together in a combined imbalance or interplay to raise the risk of disease. The purpose of this review is to briefly outline current scientific evidence on the influence of androgens and estrogens, on the Lachrymal and Meibomian glands and on ocular surface epithelia including conjunctival goblet cells during reproductive and menopausal periods. The role of sex steroids is also discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of different forms of DE and Sjogren's syndrome (SS). The impact of systemic hormone therapy (HT) in DE post-menopausal women still appears as a controversial issue, despite the many clinical studies. Finally, the outcomes of topical applications of steroid-based products are summarized, underlying the need for potential (tear) biomarker(s) in the rationale of DE-targeted therapy.

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Section: Prevalencementioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Hormone Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Steroid Imbalance in Females and Dry Eye

Versura

Giannaccare

Campos

2014

Current Eye Research

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“…The diagnosis of dry eye was based on Women's Health Study criteria,11 defined as severe symptoms of ocular dryness and irritation either constantly or often, and/or a physician's diagnosis of dry eye as reported by the participant. Menopausal status was determined by permanent menstrual cessation of at least 12 months.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does endogenous serum oestrogen play a role in meibomian gland dysfunction in postmenopausal women with dry eye?

et al. 2016

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“…A large population study of 25 665 postmenopausal women showed increased risk of dry eye for women using HRT, particularly with oestrogen-only therapy, and with longer duration of use 23. These findings are supported by some clinical studies that show oestrogen and/or progesterone intervention to worsen dry eye signs and possibly symptoms 24 25.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The diagnosis of dry eye was based on the Women's Health Study criteria,23 defined as severe symptoms of ocular dryness and irritation either constantly or often, and/or a physician's diagnosis of dry eye as reported by the participant. Menopausal status was determined by permanent menstrual cessation of at least 12 months.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%