“…Several investigators claim that aluminium impairs intracellular signal transduction pathways, due to binding to G proteins and alteration of the GTPase activity (G-protein-mediated second messenger systems), modification of the adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities (cyclic AMP second messenger system) and competitive inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) hydrolysis by PIP 2 -specific phospholipase C (phosphoinositide second messenger-producing system) ( [76][77][78] and cited references).…”