Hormones and Their Receptors

Muldoon, Thomas G.; Evans, Allyson

doi:10.1001/archinte.1988.00380040201028

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…At the cellular level, the hormone effect starts since it binds to its highly specific protein receptor molecule. This complex reaction has positioned mechanistic properties of the mode of action of the hormone on a definite biochemical base and allows elaboration of some receptor-dependent diagnostic and prognostic assays that are used now clinically and regularly [31]. Hormones signal action by their unique biochemical structures known by specific receptors on/into their target cells, via their models of release and their levels in the systemic circulation or paracrine and autocrine signals [32][33][34].…”

Section: Adiponectin and Its Cellular Receptors Adipors "Adiponectin ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adiponectin System (Rescue Hormone): The Missing Link between Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases

Aljafary

Al-Suhaimi

2022

Pharmaceutics

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The adipose tissue, regardless of its role in generating and storing energy, acts as a key player as an endocrine tissue, producing a wide scale of cytokines/hormones called adipokines. Adipokines such as leptin, resistin, visfatin and osteopontin own pro-inflammatory effects on the cardiovascular system in some cases. In contrast, some adipokines have cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory impacts including adiponectin, omentin, and apelin. One of the key adipokines is adiponectin, the abundant peptide regulating hormone that is released mainly by adipocytes and cardiomyocytes as well as by endothelial and skeletal cells. It acts through two main receptors: AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, forming the “Adiponectin system” which effectively exerts its cellular mechanisms and responses in target cells. It regulates various metabolic processes, while adiponectin is the adipocyte hormone known for its cardioprotective impact in clinical and experimental research. It is also a well-effector metabolic adipokine, since weight loss or diet restriction show a link with rises in adiponectin concentrations, which is accompanied with increasing insulin sensitivity, glucose, and lipids-regulation via adiponectin’s antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic actions. The high adiponectin level made it an attractive player in developing therapeutical treatments for metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular disease. The elevated plasma levels of adiponectin are mostly attributed to its benefits on cardio-metabolism. In some cases, adiponectin has been paradoxically accompanied with elevated risk of cardiovascular disease, so higher adiponectin concentration is a marker of poor prediction. Thus, the adiponectin system is attractive to researchers as a biomarker of heart disease advancement and a predictor of prognosis during the term of some cardiovascular diseases and its mechanical functions in Hypertension and diabetic patients. This review highlights the physiological roles of adiponectin as an anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective hormone as well as how it plays as a biomarker and potential therapeutic tool in the cardiovascular system in adult, children, and adolescents. The adiponectin system may be seen as a rescue hormone aiding in remodeling of the cardiovascular system on both cellular and molecular levels. The paradox role of adiponectin relevant to cardiovascular mortality should be taken into consideration.

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Section: Adiponectin and Its Cellular Receptors Adipors "Adiponectin ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adiponectin System (Rescue Hormone): The Missing Link between Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases

Aljafary

Al-Suhaimi

2022

Pharmaceutics

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“…Nuclear receptors contain six independent functional domains, A-F, with each domain governing distinct molecular functions, including transactivation, dimerization, DNA binding, and ligand binding (1,2). Nuclear receptors contain six independent functional domains, A-F, with each domain governing distinct molecular functions, including transactivation, dimerization, DNA binding, and ligand binding (1,2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Functionally, nuclear receptors are known to initiate recruitment of transcriptional machinery and subsequently modulate target gene expression. After translocation, the complexes recognize specific DNA sequences, hormone response elements that exist in gene promoter regions, and then recruit other factors to the transcription start site to initiate gene transcription (2). In 1988, with the advantage of molecular biology techniques, the first cDNA clones encoding steroid hormone receptors were identified (12,13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The roles of testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) in cerebellar development

et al. 2008

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Since Testicular Receptor 4 (TR4) was cloned, efforts have been made to elucidate its physiological function. To examine the putative functions of TR4, the conventional TR4 knockout (TR4(-/-)) mouse model was generated. Throughout postnatal and adult stages, TR4(-/-) mice exhibited behavioral deficits in motor coordination, suggesting impaired cerebellar function. Histological examination of the postnatal and adult TR4(-/-) cerebellum revealed gross abnormalities in foliation. Further analyses demonstrated changes in the lamination of the TR4(-/-) cerebellar cortex, including reduction in the thickness of both the molecular layer (ML) and the internal granule layer (IGL). Analyses of the developing TR4(-/-) cerebellum indicate that the lamination irregularities observed may result from disrupted granule cell proliferation within the external granule cell layer (EGL), delayed inward migration of post-mitotic granule cells, and increased apoptosis during cerebellar development. In addition, abnormal development of Purkinje cells was observed in the postnatal TR4(-/-) cerebellum, as indicated by aberrant dendritic arborization. In postnatal, neuronal-specific TR4 knockout mice, architectural changes in the cerebellum were similar to those seen in TR4(-/-) animals, suggesting that TR4 function in neuronal lineages might be important for cerebellar morphogenesis, and that the effect on Purkinje cell development is likely mediated by changes elsewhere, such as in granule cells, or is highly dependent on developmental stage. Together, our findings from various TR4 knockout mouse models suggest that TR4 is required for normal cerebellar development and that failure to establish proper cytoarchitecture results in dysfunction of the cerebellum and leads to abnormal behavior.

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“…These results clearly show that the mechanisms of binding to both receptor sites are similar but not specific for TSH. Other hormone binding studies with respect to prolactin and insulin show the same effect (Muldon et al, 1988;Sakai et al, 1989). The specifity is related to TSH or to monoclonal TSH-receptor antibodies regarding the two binding sites.…”

Section: Monoclonal Tsh-receptor Antibodies For Studying the Tsh-recementioning

confidence: 78%

Properties of Monoclonal TSH-Receptor Antibodies and Binding Proteins of Thyreotropin (TSH)

Krabbe¹,

Hampel²,

Ziegler³

et al. 2009

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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Hormones and Their Receptors

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

Adiponectin System (Rescue Hormone): The Missing Link between Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases

Adiponectin System (Rescue Hormone): The Missing Link between Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases

The roles of testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) in cerebellar development

Properties of Monoclonal TSH-Receptor Antibodies and Binding Proteins of Thyreotropin (TSH)

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