Horn Flies1 and Stable Flies:1 Feeding Activity3

Harris, Robert L.; Miller, John A.; Frazar, E. D.

doi:10.1093/aesa/67.6.891

Cited by 54 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…This could be a result of differential selection pressures on male and female ßies due to differences in their feeding behaviors. In a laboratory study on steers by Harris et al (1974), females were found to feed more frequently (38.4 feedings per day) and spend longer time feeding (163 min per day) than males (24 feedings per day and 96 min/d), therefore potentially facing a higher selection pressure on a treated animal. In addition, male horn ßies were demonstrated to have a behavioral trait that allows less exposure to insecticides than females (Witherspoon and Burns 1967).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To some extent this was expected. The horn ßy is a relatively permanent ectoparasite that feeds very frequently (Harris et al 1974), is somewhat difÞcult to colonize, and suffers high off-host mortality with bioassay periods Ͼ2Ð 4 h. The necessarily short bioassay period thus reßects knockdown-type effects, supplemented by metabolic mechanisms. Although metabolic mechanisms, such as MFOs, are known to contribute to pyrethroid resistance in the horn ßy, sodium channel mutation (kdr) has been suggested to be the major mechanism (Bull et al 1988, Sparks et al 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survey of Resistance to Permethrin and Diazinon and the Use of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay to Detect Resistance Alleles in the Horn Fly, <I>Haematobia irritans irritans</I> (L.)

Li¹,

Guerrero

García

et al. 2003

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A field survey was conducted in 2001 to evaluate resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate (OP) insecticides on horn flies, Hematobia irritans irritans (L.), from seven ranches in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico, and from three locations in central Texas. Filter papers impregnated with either technical permethrin or diazinon were used to measure the levels of resistance to pyrethroids and OPs. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used on individual horn flies from these field populations to detect the presence of the kdr and super-kdr alleles associated with pyrethroid resistance, and a mutated alphaE7 esterase allele associated with OP resistance. Relative to a susceptible laboratory (Kerrville) strain, horn flies from Mexico exhibited 5.1- to 28.3-fold resistance to permethrin at the LC50, and 23.8- to 136-fold resistance at the LC90. Horn flies from Texas ranches exhibited only two- to five-fold resistance. All field populations of the horn fly were highly susceptible to diazinon, and no mutant alphaE7 esterase alleles were detected. The super-kdr allele was found only in a single fly from a ranch in Mexico. Results of PCR assays showed that the kdr allele was present at various frequencies in field populations of horn flies. A gender-related bias in distribution of kdr genotypes was found in horn flies from Mexico, but not in horn flies from Texas. The overall kdr allelic frequencies in horn flies from Mexico were 23.2-37.8% higher in females than in males. Regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between kdr allelic frequencies and the levels of knockdown resistance to permethrin among the horn fly populations studied. The results validate the role of the PCR-based molecular assay as a diagnostic tool in monitoring resistance to pyrethroids and also provide useful information on population genetics of horn fly resistance to pyrethroids and OPs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey of Resistance to Permethrin and Diazinon and the Use of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay to Detect Resistance Alleles in the Horn Fly, <I>Haematobia irritans irritans</I> (L.)

Li¹,

Guerrero

García

et al. 2003

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“…Whereas only female mosquitoes transmit malaria, for example, this is because male mosquitoes do not blood-feed. While the relative feeding intensity of male and female buffalo fly is not known, studies on the closely related horn fly (H. i. irritans) demonstrate that males do blood-feed, although to a lesser extent than females (24 vs. 38 feeds per day) (Harris et al 1974). Whether such a difference in feeding intensity occurs with buffalo fly, and whether this is sufficient to explain the lack of larval stages (and significantly only one L3) recovered from male flies requires further study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feeding on the host up to 40 times daily (Harris et al 1974) and present in numbers ranging from a few flies to several thousand per animal, infestation of buffalo fly can result in significant stress. Previous research suggests that the flies reduce weight gain (Bean et al 1987), lower milk production (Jonsson & Mayer 1999) and cause skin lesions in heavily infested cattle (Johnson 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of Stephanofilaria sp. in buffalo fly, Haematobia irritans exigua, in Central Queensland

Shaw

Sutherland²

2006

Australian Journal of Entomology

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Buffalo fly (Haematobia irritans exigua) infestations of cattle are associated with characteristic lesions, the initial cause of which has been attributed to a filarial nematode of the genus Stephanofilaria, for which the fly acts as a vector. Survey work in the 1980s estimated the prevalence of microfilaria in female buffalo fly in Queensland at 2.91%. Since then no information has been published and the current prevalence of microfilarial infection in buffalo fly is not known. Buffalo fly were collected from four geographically distinct sites in Central Queensland in mid-summer 2004 and were dissected to estimate Stephanofilaria sp. infection rates. Larval stages of the nematodes were recovered from female flies from all four sites and the percentage of female flies from which nematodes were recovered ranged from 29% to 57%. The average number of larvae recovered from infected female flies ranged from 1.25 to 1.75. Whereas no infected male flies were found from Sites 2-4, larvae were recovered from 43% of male flies collected at Site 1. This high prevalence of filarial infection in buffalo flies implies a correspondingly high level of transmission to cattle in Central Queensland.

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“…As perdas econômicas são decorrentes de espoliação direta, por perda de sangue (Harris et al, 1974), redução da produção de leite (García et al, 2001), de carne (BiancHin et al, 2004) e da taxa de prenhez (BiancHin; alves, 2002), além de resultar em bezerros com menor peso ao desmame (DrummOnD et al, 1981). Com base nessas informações, torna-se óbvia a necessidade de controle químico desse artrópode, buscando minimizar o impacto do parasitismo sobre a produção animal.…”

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Eficácia do diflubenzuron 25% no controle da Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae): desafio in vitro e a campo

et al. 2012

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Eficácia do diflubenzuron 25% no controle da Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae): desafio in vitro e a campo. Avaliou-se, neste experimento, a eficácia in vitro e in vivo do diflubenzuron a 25% para uso em bovinos, no controle da infestação por Haematobia irritans. Para o teste in vitro, ovos de moscasdos-chifres foram mantidos em recipientes contendo fezes de animais não-tratados ou tratados com diflubenzuron a 25%, e acompanhados até emergência dos adultos. No teste in vivo, foram utilizadas 40 fêmeas aneloradas, divididas em dois grupos: controle (C) e tratado (T) com intensidade parasitária equivalente. Durante o experimento, o grupo C recebeu apenas suplementação mineral, enquanto o grupo T recebeu suplementação mineral e diflubenzuron a 25%. A contagem de moscas nos animais foi realizada na região dorsal, desde a nuca até as pontas da anca de cada animal, no início e ao final de um período de cinco meses. Na avaliação in vitro, o grupo controle apresentou média de emergência de 86% (± 8,4%), enquanto o grupo cultivado em fezes de bovinos tratados com diflubenzuron a 25% apresentou taxa de emergência média de 1% (± 0,2%), sendo a eficácia calculada de 98,83%. No teste in vivo, não foi observada redução significativa na contagem de moscas no grupo C, porém, no grupo T houve significativa redução da infestação por H. irritans (t = 16,46, p < 0,0001). A eficácia do produto, em condições de campo, foi de 99,20%. O diflubenzuron a 25% adicionado ao sal mineral mostrou-se eficaz contra H. irritans, sendo indicado para esse fim. Arq PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Larvicida, moscas-dos-chifres, bovinos, inibidor de desenvolvimento de insetos. ABSTRACT EFFICACY OF 25% DIFLUBENZURON FOR CONTROL OF HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS(DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE): IN VITRO AND FIELD CHALLENGES. In this experiment, the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of a 25% diflubenzuron commercial formulation were evaluated for control of Haematobia irritans infestation on cattle. For the in vitro test, horn-fly eggs were cultivated in feces from untreated or treated with 25% diflubenzuron for verification of adult emergence. In the in vivo test, 40 crossbred female bovines were divided into 2 experimental groups: Controls (C) and treated (T) with 25% diflubenzuron, with similar horn-fly infestations. In the in vitro test, the control group had a mean emergence of 86% (± 8.4%) while the group cultivated in feces from cattle treated with 25% diflubenzuron had a mean emergence rate of only 1% (± 0.2%), showing product efficacy of 98.83%. In the in vivo test no significant reduction was observed in the fly count of the C group, whereas the T group showed a clear reduction in the infestation (t = 16.46, p < 0.0001). The efficacy of the product under field conditions was 99.20%. In conclusion, the formulation of 25% diflubenzuron demonstrated efficacy against H. irritans, and is therefore indicated for this purpose.

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Horn Flies1 and Stable Flies:1 Feeding Activity3

Cited by 54 publications

References 0 publications

Survey of Resistance to Permethrin and Diazinon and the Use of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay to Detect Resistance Alleles in the Horn Fly, <I>Haematobia irritans irritans</I> (L.)

Survey of Resistance to Permethrin and Diazinon and the Use of a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay to Detect Resistance Alleles in the Horn Fly, <I>Haematobia irritans irritans</I> (L.)

The prevalence of Stephanofilaria sp. in buffalo fly, Haematobia irritans exigua, in Central Queensland

Eficácia do diflubenzuron 25% no controle da Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae): desafio in vitro e a campo

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