Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons dispersion polymerization for the production of monodisperse conjugated polymer particles under ambient conditions

Abstract

Here we present the first metal-free dispersion polymerization yielding highly monodisperse conjugated polymer particles.

Review of Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles: From Formulation to Applications

“…89 This research has led to further application of other cross-coupling reactions such as Heck, Sonogashira, and even Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons coupling. 14,71,90 The general procedure is simple; the initiator (i.e., the oxidant or the catalyst and base) is added to an alcoholic solvent in which monomers and stabilizing agents are dissolved (Figure 5a). The oxidant addition, or the sequential dissolution of the catalyst and base, triggers polymerization.…”

Direct formation of nano-objects via in situ self-assembly of conjugated polymers

“…Polymer Chemistry conjugated polymers, using methods such as the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons polymerization, 79 would also provide a notable advance given that trace metals can have deleterious effects on a polymer's optoelectronic performance. 80 The use of catalyst-free photo-controlled polymerizations could also be advantageous in that regard.…”

Red-Fluorescing Paramagnetic Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles – Triphenyl Methyl Radicals as Monomers in C-C Cross-Coupling Dispersion Polymerization

“…Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) can be obtained through synthesis of a desired conjugated polymer in a solvent, in which the resulting polymer is insoluble in. A variety of different preparation methods has been brought forward to control the sizes of the CPNs; [17][18][19][20][21] however, only dispersion polymerization [22][23][24][25][26][27] yields particles of sufficiently low dispersity to allow their application in the fields of photonics, 28,29 and bioimaging. [30][31][32][33][34] CPNs have been reported to exhibit high photostability, strong , as well as excellent biocompability.…”