“…Despite AHCs' popularity, the literature concerning medical management under managed care is sparse (Nolan & Smith, 2009; Smith, 2022). Shell and soft tissue lesions are likely the most common infectious disease in managed care environments (Smith, 2022); phycophytal (algal), bacterial, and mycotic infections causing erosion and degradation of the exoskeleton, gills, and deeper tissues have been reported (Leibovitz & Lewbart, 2004; Smith, 2022; Tuxbury et al, 2014). Noninfectious diseases reported in managed care environments include poor water quality, abnormal molting, and hypoproteinemia suspected secondary to nutritional deficiencies (Nolan & Smith, 2009; Smith, 2022).…”