Hospital and other influences on the uptake and maintenance of breast feeding: the development of infant feeding policy in a district

Bruce, Nigel; Khan, Zarmast; Olsen, N D

doi:10.1016/s0033-3506(05)80595-5

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In addition to prenatal factors, feeding and contact durmg days after birth were also predictive of breastfeeding duration, supporting other researchers who have argued that the post-birth period is critical for both feeding and bonding behaviour (Buxton et al 1991, Fahy & Holschier 1988, Feinstein et al 1986 Mothers fully breastfeedmg at 12 weeks timed the first breastfeed earlier and their infants spent less time in the care of others m their first 72 hours As with Janke (1988), the results did not distinguish between a vaginal or Caesarean birth m relationship to breastfeeding duration, nor did the number of postnatal difficulties have an impact on duration, concumng with Rentschler (1991) The mother spending more time with her infant m the first 3 days appears to have a beneficial effect on breastfeeding duration Early breastfeeding allows the rooting reflex of the infant to aid in correct positioning at the breast and time spent with the mother allows for regular breastfeeding The result of these two practices means that the infant learns to milk the breast correctly, reducing the risk of a milk supply that does not meet the infant's needs The mother also finds breastfeeding more comfortable with less nipple stress and an infant who thrives on breast milk alone In line with other research (Bailey & Sherriff 1992, Bruce et al 1991, Coriel & Murphy 1988, Fahy & Holschier 1988, Femstein et al 1986, Janke 1988, Starling et al 1979 those mothers who introduced supplementary feeds invariably moved toward fewer breastfeeds or total weaning from the breast Lactation management pnmarily consists of correct positioning, regular feeds and the handling of breastfeeding problems The study supported the conclusion of Fahy & Holschier (1988) that the number of breastfeeding problems encountered by subjects in this study bore no relationship to the duration of breastfeeding The most common problems encountered by mothers were sore mpples and cracked nipples The value of correcting suckmg techniques m preventmg such problems was clearly demonstrated by Righard & Alade (1992) Their correction process took 5-10 minutes and was earned out by a competent midwife before discharge from hospital Of the group with the correct sucking technique, 79% were still breastfeedmg at 3 months compared to 44% of those with a faulty technique The recommendations of their study, and also that of Sharago (1992), was that this routine checking of positioning should always be carried out before discharge From the high percentage of mpple problems alone m this study, it seems that perhaps this is not current practice in Australia and, if it is, then further steps need to be taken to ensure it is being earned out effectively Breast engorgement and fatigue were the two other mam difficulties encountered, and along with nipple problems these can be managed more effectively with increased knowledge on positioning, the value of finishing the first breast first and of resting when the baby rests …”

Section: Post-birth Periodsupporting

confidence: 67%

Breastfeeding duration: prenatal intentions and postnatal practices

Lawson

Tulloch

1995

Journal of Advanced Nursing

107

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LAWSON K & TULLOCH M I (1995) Journal of Advanced Nursmg 22, 841-849Breastfeeding durabon. prenatal intentions and postnatal practices A study of 78 primiparas examined the role of prenatal intent and postnatal experiences in breastfeeding duration Those fully breastfeeding 3 months after the birth of the baby had a higher level of education, timed their decision to breastfeed earlier, intended to breastfeed longer and had a more negative attitude to formula feeding Commitment and confidence scores were not related to breastfeeding duration m first-tune mothers Breastfeeding duration was also related to the timing of the first breastfeed and extent of mother-infant contact m the 72 hours after birth but not to the number of feeding problems

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Section: Post-birth Periodsupporting

confidence: 67%

Breastfeeding duration: prenatal intentions and postnatal practices

Lawson

Tulloch

1995

Journal of Advanced Nursing

107

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“…When health professionals are considered, they are often seen as giving conflicting information. [33][34][35] However, recent concerns about the low rates of breastfeeding have prompted some physicians to encourage their colleagues to take a more active role in promoting breastfeeding to their patients. 36 -38 Mothers who have received specific, pos- itive advice from their physicians are more likely to breastfeed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Resurgence of Breastfeeding in the United States

1997

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ABSTRACT. Objective. To update reported rates of breastfeeding through 1995 and to compare rates in 1995 with those from 1989.Methods. The Ross Laboratories Mothers' Survey, first conducted in 1955, is a large, national, mail survey designed to determine patterns of milk feeding to 6 months of age. Questionnaires are mailed to a representative sample of mothers when their infants are 6 months of age. In 1989, 196 000 questionnaires were mailed, and in 1995, 720 000 questionnaires were mailed. Mothers were asked to recall the type of milk fed to their infants immediately after birth, in the hospital, and during each of the first 6 months of age. The rates of breastfeeding in the hospital and at 6 months of age were evaluated.Results. The Ross Laboratories Mothers' Survey demonstrates recent increases in both the initiation of breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding at 6 months of age. Comparing rates in 1989 and 1995, the initiation of breastfeeding increased more than 14% (from 52.2% to 59.7%). There was a 19.3% increase in the rate of breastfeeding at 6 months of age (from 18.1% to 21.6%). The increases in breastfeeding were observed across all sociodemographic groups but were greater among groups that have historically been less likely to practice breastfeeding: women who were black, younger (<25 years of age), in the lowest income group (<$10 000), no more than grade school educated, primiparous, and living in the South Atlantic region of the United States; women who had infants of low birth weight; women who were employed full time outside the home; and women who participated in the Women, Infants, and Children supplemental food program. Nevertheless, breastfeeding was most common in the western states and among women who were older, college educated, and multiparous, did not enroll in the Women, Infants, and Children program, were not employed outside the home, had infants of normal birth weight, and had higher disposable incomes.Conclusion. The sharp increase in rates of breastfeeding among groups that are less likely to breastfeed is encouraging. However, these groups are still the least likely to initiate breastfeeding. Educational efforts that extol positive attitudes about breastfeeding must be continued to support mothers who are young, poor, and less educated. Pediatrics 1997;99(4). URL: http:// www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/99/4/e12; breastfeeding, infant feeding, demography.

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“…When there is a local consensus from health professionals on community level, as well as a good local surveillance system, the possibility for effective breastfeeding promotion activities is high 75,76 . The determinants for breastfeeding vary over time in all communities and therefore need to be followed over time on local level.…”

Section: Local Levelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding determinants and a suggested framework for action in Europe

Yngve

Sjöstróm

2001

Public Health Nutr.

110

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This is a background paper for the EURODIET initiative. A number of international initiatives and documents were identified, such as the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes and a number of consensus reports from professional groups, that propose ways forward for breastfeeding promotion. These point at a range of initiatives on different levels. The determinants for successful breastfeeding have to be identified. They can be categorised into five groups; socio-demographic, psycho-social, health care related, community-and policy attributes. A framework for future breastfeeding promoting efforts on European level is suggested, within which these determinants are considered. A common surveillance system needs to be built in Europe, where determinants of breastfeeding are included. There is also a need for a surveillance system which makes it possible to use the collected data on local level, not only on national and supranational level. Combined with a thorough review of the effectiveness of already existing breastfeeding promotion programmes, a co-ordinated EU ± EFTA action plan on breastfeeding should be formulated and implemented within a few years. Urgent action could take place in parallel, especially targeting young, low-income, less educated mothers.

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Hospital and other influences on the uptake and maintenance of breast feeding: the development of infant feeding policy in a district

Cited by 24 publications

References 13 publications

Breastfeeding duration: prenatal intentions and postnatal practices

Breastfeeding duration: prenatal intentions and postnatal practices

The Resurgence of Breastfeeding in the United States

Breastfeeding determinants and a suggested framework for action in Europe

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