Hospital cleaning: past, present, and future

Abstract

Introduction The importance of hospital cleaning for controlling healthcare-associated infection (HAI) has taken years to acknowledge. This is mainly because the removal of dirt is inextricably entwined with gender and social status, along with lack of evidence and confusion over HAI definitions. Reducing so-called endogenous infection due to human carriage entails patient screening, decolonisation and/or prophylaxis, whereas adequate ventilation, plumbing and cleaning are needed to reduce exogenous infection. These infection types remain difficult to separate and quantitate. Patients themselves demonstrate wide-ranging vulnerability to infection, which further complicates attempted ranking of control interventions, including cleaning. There has been disproportionate attention towards endogenous infection with less interest in managing environmental reservoirs. Quantifying cleaning and cleanliness Finding evidence for cleaning is compromised by the fact that modelling HAI rates against arbitrary measurements of cleaning/cleanliness requires universal standards and these are not yet established. Furthermore, the distinction between cleaning (soil removal) and cleanliness (soil remaining) is usually overlooked. Tangible bench marking for both cleaning methods and all surface types within different units, with modification according to patient status, would be invaluable for domestic planning, monitoring and specification. Aims and objectives This narrative review will focus on recent history and current status of cleaning in hospitals. While its importance is now generally accepted, cleaning practices still need attention in order to determine how, when and where to clean. Renewed interest in removal and monitoring of surface bioburden would help to embed risk-based practice in hospitals across the world.

Robotics Application in the Hospital Domain: Operator-Patient- Robot Interface

“…The problem of cleaning and disinfection in hospital environments is complex and multifaceted, requiring an integrated approach that combines strict protocols and ongoing training [66][67][68] Many ultraviolet (UV) germicidal systems are available, incorporating specific technological advances. However, the effectiveness and operational status of traditional UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) systems and robots require continuous improvement [70].…”

“…These robots are widely used in hospital environments for disinfection according to standard procedures and play a crucial role in reducing nosocomial infections [70]. Due to the risks associated with exposure to UV light, it is essential to optimize these robots to ensure safety in areas occupied by patients and healthcare professionals.…”

“…Although safe operation in the presence of humans requires further research, the use of UVGIs is expected to increase significantly in the post-pandemic era. This growth will require more advanced designs for effective and safe disinfection, making hospital environments healthier and more resistant to pathogens [70].…”