Hospital Discharge Rates Before and After Implementation of a City-wide Smoking Ban in a Texas City, 2004–2008

Head, Phil; Jackson, Bradford E.; Bae, Sejong; Cherry, Debra

doi:10.5888/pcd9.120079

Cited by 18 publications

(26 citation statements)

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“…From having no U.S. state with a comprehensive smoke-free law in 2000, 26 U.S. states and the District of Columbia had implemented such laws in 2013 [6]. Such comprehensive smoke-free laws have been shown to benefit public health, and may have contributed to declines in SHS-associated conditions such as middle-ear infections, sudden infant death syndrome, and heart disease [2], [14], [15]. More so, in addition to achieving their primary objective of protecting nonsmokers from involuntary SHS exposure, such comprehensive smoke-free laws also denormalize smoking and may motivate smokers to quit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities and Trends in Indoor Exposure to Secondhand Smoke among U.S. Adolescents: 2000-2009

Agaku¹,

Vardavas²

2013

PLoS ONE

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IntroductionSecondhand smoke (SHS) exposure causes disease and death among nonsmokers. With a plethora of smoke-free legislation implemented and a steady decrease in cigarette consumption noted over the past decade in the U.S., this study assessed trends in indoor SHS exposure among U.S. adolescents in grades 6–12 during 2000–2009.MethodsData were obtained from the 2000–2009 National Youth Tobacco Survey – a national survey of U.S. middle and high school students. SHS exposure within an indoor area within the past seven days was self-reported. Trends in indoor SHS exposure during 2000–2009 were assessed overall and by socio-demographic characteristics, using the Wald's test in a binary logistic regression. Within-group comparisons were performed using chi-squared statistics (p<0.05).ResultsThe proportion of U.S. middle and high school students who were exposed to indoor SHS declined from 65.5% in 2000 to 40.5% in 2009 (p<0.05 for linear trend). Significant declines were also observed across all population subgroups. Between 2000 and 2009, prevalence of indoor SHS exposure declined significantly among both middle (58.5% to 34.3%) and high school (71.5% to 45.4%) students. Prevalence of indoor SHS exposure was significantly higher among girls (44.0% in 2009) compared to boys (37.2% in 2009) during each survey year. Similarly, prevalence of indoor SHS exposure during 2000–2009 was highest among non-Hispanic whites (44.2% in 2009) and lowest among non-Hispanic Asians (30.2% in 2009). During each survey year, prevalence was highest among the oldest age group (≥18 years) and lowest among the youngest (9–11 years). Also, prevalence was significantly higher among current cigarette smokers (83.8% in 2009) compared to nonsmokers (34.0% in 2009).ConclusionSignificant declines in indoor SHS exposure among U.S. middle and high school students occurred during 2000–2009. While the results are encouraging, additional efforts are needed to further reduce youth indoor SHS exposure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparities and Trends in Indoor Exposure to Secondhand Smoke among U.S. Adolescents: 2000-2009

Agaku¹,

Vardavas²

2013

PLoS ONE

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“…Other studies have examined changes in the volume of hospital admissions with inconclusive results [7]; some show a reduction in hospitalizations for COPD [8–13], whereas others fail to detect any significant differences [14–16]. Similarly, most studies on asthma-related hospital admissions reported a reduction in hospitalizations [10,12,14,16–22], but others observed no significant changes [11,15]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in hospitalizations for chronic respiratory diseases after two successive smoking bans in Spain

et al. 2017

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“…DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032302 August 7, 2018 563 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE larger associations, with cardiovascular events ranging from 25% to 39% lower. 18,20,30,45,46 One potential explanation for the relatively larger magnitude of associations seen in our study is that the study population of the CARDIA cohort includes participants who were enrolled in young adulthood and were at maximum 64 years old at the time of their first cardiovascular event. Several prior ecological studies in the United States and European countries reported stronger relative risks of smoke-free policies with lower rates of hospital admissions among younger people.…”

Section: Original Research Articlementioning

confidence: 90%

“…These findings complement an existing body of literature that has generally indicated that smoke-free policy implementation is associated with lower rates of hospital admissions or mortality for cardiovascular disease. 16,17,[19][20][21][22][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Prior studies have typically been ecological in nature [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][34][35][36] and have not had access to detailed individual-level information on sociodemographic characteristics and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Our findings that patterns were largely similar after controlling for a large number of potential confounders suggest that differences in cardiovascular disease risk among those in areas with and without smoke-free policies are not explained by differences in individual sociodemographics or traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors.…”

Section: Original Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior studies have used primarily ecological designs, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][34][35][36] and have lacked access to detailed individual-level data on sociodemographic characteristics and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Interpretation of results from ecological studies is limited by the potential for unmeasured confounding by individuallevel characteristics, a drawback that could be reduced by using data from ongoing cohort studies.…”

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Longitudinal Associations of Smoke-Free Policies and Incident Cardiovascular Disease

et al. 2018

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Editorial, see p 567BACKGROUND: Smoke-free legislation has been associated with lower rates of cardiovascular disease hospital admissions in ecological studies. However, prior studies lacked detailed information on individuallevel factors (eg, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics) that could potentially confound associations. Our objective was to estimate associations of smoke-free policies with incident cardiovascular disease in a longitudinal cohort after controlling for sociodemographics, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and policy covariates. METHODS:Longitudinal data from 3783 black and white adults in the CARDIA study (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; 1995 were linked to state, county, and local 100% smoke-free policies in bars, restaurants, and nonhospitality workplaces by Census tract. Extended Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) of incident cardiovascular disease associated with time-dependent smoke-free policy exposures. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, cardiovascular disease risk factors, state cigarette tax, participantreported presence of a smoking ban at their workplace, field center, and metropolitan statistical area poverty. RESULTS:During a median follow-up of 20 years (68 332 total personyears), 172 participants had an incident cardiovascular disease event (2.5 per 1000 person-years). Over the follow-up period, 80% of participants lived in areas with smoke-free policies in restaurants, 67% in bars, and 65% in nonhospitality workplaces. In fully adjusted models, participants living in an area with a restaurant, bar, or workplace smoke-free policy had a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease compared with those in areas without smoke-free policies (HR, 0.75, 95% confidence interval, HR, 0.76, 95% confidence interval, HR, 0.54, 95% confidence interval, respectively; HR, 0.58, 95% confidence interval, for living in an area with all 3 types of policies compared with none). The estimated preventive fraction was 25% for restaurant policies, 24% for bar policies, and 46% for workplace policies. CONCLUSIONS:Consistent with prior ecological studies, these individualbased data add to the evidence that 100% smoke-free policies are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged adults.

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Hospital Discharge Rates Before and After Implementation of a City-wide Smoking Ban in a Texas City, 2004–2008

Cited by 18 publications

References 1 publication

Disparities and Trends in Indoor Exposure to Secondhand Smoke among U.S. Adolescents: 2000-2009

Disparities and Trends in Indoor Exposure to Secondhand Smoke among U.S. Adolescents: 2000-2009

Changes in hospitalizations for chronic respiratory diseases after two successive smoking bans in Spain

Longitudinal Associations of Smoke-Free Policies and Incident Cardiovascular Disease

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