Hospital environment contamination with Gram-negative bacteria is as common and important as that with Gram-positive bacteria in an overloaded tertiary care hospital in India

Taneja, Neelam; Emmanuel, R.; Singh, Maninder Pal; Sharma, Mohan

doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.09.008

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Gram-negative organisms are responsible for hospital-acquired infections, the Enterobacteriaceae family being also the most commonly identified group overall as hospital environment contamination with Gram-positive bacteria results in endemic infections [ 15 ]. On the contrary, other studies revealed that contamination with Gram-positive organisms is more widespread than Gram-negative contamination because of the better survival of Gram-positive bacteria in dry air [ 16 ]. The finding for general distribution of Gram-negative bacteria isolates was compared to the results from recent studies, the average Gram-negative bacteria count in the operation theatre (OT), intensive care unit, (ICU) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) was comprised 45%, 33.9%, and 31%, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Medical Wards Contamination to Wound Infection among Patients Attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital

Munyeshyaka

Cyuzuzo

Yadufashije

et al. 2021

International Journal of Microbiology

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Nosocomial infections or hospital-acquired infections are infections that potentially occur in the patients under medical care. These infections are often caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens acquired via improper antibiotic use, not following infection control and prevention procedures. The main objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of medical wards contamination to wound infection and antibiotics susceptibility patterns at Ruhengeri Referral Hospital, Musanze district, Rwanda. This was a cross-sectional study where a total of 61 samples including air sampling to evaluate the contamination by airborne bacteria, working surface, equipment, and patients’ surgical wounds swabs were collected in intensive care unit (ICU), pediatrics, and surgery departments. Culture, Gram stain, and biochemical tests were performed for microbiological isolation and identification. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 22 was used for data analysis. Gram-negative bacteria were frequently from surgery, pediatric, and ICU with 68.8%, 63.9%, and 31.1%, respectively, while Gram-positive isolates were 37.7% in surgery, 32.9% in pediatric, and 18.0% in ICU. There was a statistically significant association with E. coli and swabbed materials and surgical wound sites (x2 = 10.0253, P value = 0.018). All bacterial contaminants were sensitive to clindamycin and erythromycin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, and S. aureus were resistant to nitrofurantoin. Hospital environment could be a contributing factor to surgical wound site infections. Hospitals should apply preventive measures in the hospital environment surrounding wound surgery patients to prevent wound infections during hospital stay.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Medical Wards Contamination to Wound Infection among Patients Attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital

Munyeshyaka

Cyuzuzo

Yadufashije

et al. 2021

International Journal of Microbiology

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“…16 Gram negative organisms are frequently isolated from the hospital environment and may colonize the skin, but have been implicated in healthcare associated infections. 17 Gram negative organisms and enterococci are infrequently isolated from pagers and stethoscopes. This may be related to the fact that these organisms need a warm and moist environment to survive which is not typically found on such equipment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Stethoscopes, Coats, and Pagers Potential Sources of Healthcare Associated Infections?

Arora

Kamat

Choudhry

et al. 2020

Global Pediatric Health

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We conducted a study to determine the rate of bacterial colonization of stethoscopes, coats, and pagers of residents at a pediatric residency training program as compared to that of badges, sleeves, and pagers of non-patient care staff (control group). Among 213 cultures obtained from 71 residents, 27 potential pathogens were isolated from 22 residents (27/213, 12.7%) as compared to 10 potential pathogens out of 162 samples obtained from 54 control participants (10/162, 6.2%) ( P = .0375). The most common pathogen isolated from residents and control participants was methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). The source of positive cultures among the residents was the stethoscope (8/22, 36.3%), pager (8/22, 36.3%), and coat sleeve (11/22, 50%). The rates of colonization with potential pathogens were higher among residents than control participants and about 12% of residents’ stethoscopes, coats and pagers were colonized with bacterial pathogens. These are potential sources of nosocomial transmission of pathogenic organisms.

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“…[911] Therefore, use of disinfectants in critical and high-risk areas like burn units and Intensive Care Units (ICUs) is justified,[9–13] where the environment may be heavily contaminated with drug-resistant pathogens like MRSA, Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . [14] On many occasions, while investigating outbreaks caused by MRSA, we have noted gross contamination of the articles and the surfaces like medicine trolleys, the patients’ cabinets, railing of the beds, the nurses’ lockers, electric switches and door handles, etc. (unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In various ICUs and emergency wards, 27.3% of the environmental surfaces showed contamination with Staphylococcus aureus , and 30% of these were MRSA. [14] Proper disinfection of the surfaces is also important in operation theaters[15] and other areas to disinfect blood spillages and other grossly infected surfaces. Many studies have emphasized that routine cleaning, hand washing and barrier nursing alone were not sufficient to control protracted outbreaks of MRSA, but required proper disinfection of the environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative efficacy evaluation of disinfectants routinely used in hospital practice: India

Singh

Sharma²,

Gupta

et al. 2012

Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine

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Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare practically achieved disinfection efficacy of some locally available disinfectants on surfaces and infectious microbiological hospital waste.Materials and Methods:Seven disinfectants were tested at concentrations recommended by manufacturers on rough and smooth surfaces that were contaminated experimentally by locally circulating isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, standard isolate of Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans. Reduction in microbial counts before and after surface disinfection was expressed as log reduction. A very heavy microbial waste load was simulated by immersing culture plates with heavy microbial growth in disinfectants. Daily, a sample of disinfectant was taken and subjected to in-use test.Results:The highest average log reduction of test microbes on the rough surface was given by DesNet (5.05) and Bacillocid special (5.02). A comparable average log reduction of test microbes on a smooth steel surface was noted (5.68, 5.67, 5.50) for Lysol, Bacillocid sp. and DesNet, respectively. In the discard jars, Bacillocid special worked satisfactorily for 4 days, DesNet for 3 days and Hi-giene Germitol for 1 day. The remainder of the disinfectants failed in the in-use test on Day 1. Phenolics, although widely used in our settings, may not be as good surface disinfectants as newer formulations like DesNet and Bacillocid special.Conclusions:Newer quaternary ammonium compounds and aldehyde formulations were found to be the best disinfectants for disinfection of heavy contamination.

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Hospital environment contamination with Gram-negative bacteria is as common and important as that with Gram-positive bacteria in an overloaded tertiary care hospital in India

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Contribution of Medical Wards Contamination to Wound Infection among Patients Attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital

Contribution of Medical Wards Contamination to Wound Infection among Patients Attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital

Are Stethoscopes, Coats, and Pagers Potential Sources of Healthcare Associated Infections?

Comparative efficacy evaluation of disinfectants routinely used in hospital practice: India

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