Hospitalization of Infants and Children Aged 0–4 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 2020–February 2022

Marks, Kristin J.; Whitaker, Michael; Agathis, Nickolas T.; Anglin, Onika; Milucky, Jennifer; Patel, Kadam; Pham, Huong; Kirley, Pam Daily; Kawasaki, Breanna; Meek, James; Anderson, Evan J.; Weigel, Andy; Kim, Sue; Lynfield, Ruth; Ropp, Susan L.; Spina, Nancy; Bennett, Nancy M.; Shiltz, Eli; Sutton, Melissa; Talbot, H. Keipp; Price, Andrea; Taylor, Christopher A.; Havers, Fiona

doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7111e2

Cited by 155 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Interestingly, maternal antibodies developed following vaccination can undergo transplacental transfer. Indeed, younger children can receive protection [39]. Our study did not show any difference in hospitalization and mortality rates between children and adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

“…The risk of hospitalization in children under four years during the Omicron surge was 5-times higher than during the Delta surge, particularly infants <6 months old [39]. However, the COVID-19 severity was not affected by age [39]. It is suggested to vaccinate any eligible subjects, including pregnant woman, family members, and their caregivers, to prevent children <4 years from getting COVID-19 infection [39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative analysis of the outcomes of COVID-19 between patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants: a retrospective cohort study

Gunadi

Hakim

Wibawa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has replaced the previously dominant Delta variant because of high transmissibility. It is responsible for the current increase in the COVID-19 infectivity rate worldwide. However, studies on the impact of the Omicron variant on the severity of COVID-19 are still limited in developing countries. Here, we compared the outcomes of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants and associated with prognostic factors, including age, sex, comorbidities, and smoking. Methods: We involved 352 patients, 139 with the Omicron variant and 213 with the Delta variant. The whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 were conducted using the Illumina MiSeq next-generation sequencer. Results: Ct value and mean age of COVID-19 patients were not significantly different between both groups (Delta: 20.35 +/- 4.07 vs. Omicron: 20.62 +/- 3.75; p=0.540; and Delta: 36.52 +/- 21.24 vs. Omicron: 39.10 +/- 21.24; p=0.266, respectively). Patients infected with Omicron and Delta variants showed similar hospitalization (p=0.433) and mortality rates (p=0.565). Multivariate analysis showed that older age (≥65 years) had higher risk for hospitalization (OR=3.67 [95% CI=1.22-10.94]; p=0.019) and fatalities (OR=3.93 [95% CI=1.35-11.42]; p=0.012). In addition, patients with cardiovascular disease had higher risk for hospitalization (OR=5.27 [95% CI=1.07-25.97]; p=0.041), whereas patients with diabetes revealed higher risk for fatalities (OR=9.39 [95% CI=3.30-26.72]; p=<0.001). Conclusions: Our study shows that patients infected with Omicron and Delta variants reveal similar clinical outcomes, including hospitalization and mortality. In addition, our findings further confirm that older age, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are strong prognostic factors for the outcomes of COVID-19 patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 44%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of the outcomes of COVID-19 between patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants: a retrospective cohort study

Gunadi

Hakim

Wibawa

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…While most children with Covid-19 do well without therapy, treatment of mild-to-moderate infection should be considered in those at highest risk of progression to severe disease. In fact, recent data demonstrates that hospitalization rates in children 0-4 increased significantly during Omicron data predominance, therefore information around early treatment in pediatric patients has become even more important [8]. However, despite FDA EUA for sotrovimab and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in patients over 12 years and remdesivir in children < 12 years, safety and efficacy data for these agents in pediatric patients is extremely limited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monoclonal antibody and antiviral therapy for treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in pediatric patients

Vora

Englund

Trehan

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Similarly, mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were shown to elicit neutralizing antibodies against Omicron in children and adolescents but at lower levels than nAb to wild type 22,23 . Based on the epidemiology of Omicron infections in children, which showed substantial transmission in areas in which many children had been previously exposed to virus 26,27 , it is unlikely that the neutralizing antibodies generated by non-Omicron variant infection would be sufficient to protect against Omicron.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Level and duration of IgG and neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in children with symptomatic or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

Khaitan

Datta

Bond

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: There are presently conflicting data about level and duration of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in children after symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. Methods: We enrolled adults and children in a prospective 6-month study in the following categories: 1) symptomatic, SARS-CoV-2 PCR+ (SP+; children, n=8; adults, n=16), 2) symptomatic, PCR- or untested (children, n=27), 3) asymptomatic exposed (children, n=13) and 4) asymptomatic, no known exposure (children, n=19). Neutralizing and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 antigens and Spike protein variants were measured by multiplex serological assays. Results: All SP+ children developed nAb, whereas 81% of SP+ adults developed nAb. Decline in the presence of nAb over 6 months was not significant in symptomatic children (100% to 87.5%, p=0.32) in contrast to adults (81.3 to 50.0%, p=0.03). Among all children with nAb (n=22), nAb titers and change in titers over 6 months were similar in symptomatic and asymptomatic children. Levels of IgG antibodies in children to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike, RBD-1 and -2, nucleocapsid and N-terminal domain antigens and to Spike protein variants were similar to those in adults. IgG levels to primary antigens decreased over time in both children and adults, but levels to three of six Spike variants decreased only in children. Conclusions: Children with asymptomatic or symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection develop robust neutralizing antibodies that remain present longer than in adults but wane in titer over time, and broad IgG antibodies that also wane in level over time.

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Hospitalization of Infants and Children Aged 0–4 Years with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 — COVID-NET, 14 States, March 2020–February 2022

Cited by 155 publications

References 7 publications

Comparative analysis of the outcomes of COVID-19 between patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants: a retrospective cohort study

Comparative analysis of the outcomes of COVID-19 between patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants: a retrospective cohort study

Monoclonal antibody and antiviral therapy for treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in pediatric patients

Level and duration of IgG and neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in children with symptomatic or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

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