Host and cell type affect the mode of degradation by <i>Meripilus giganteus</i>

Schwarze, Francis W. M. R.; Fink, Siegfried

doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00238.x

Cited by 55 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The interesting choice of fungi provides evidence to explain the mechanisms by which the fungi breach the reaction-zone barrier. Recent work has shown that the cavity-forming soft rot decay process is not exclusive to members of the lower ascomycetes and deuteromycetes, but can be demonstrated in some wood-decay basidiomycetes (Nilsson & Daniel, 1988;Daniel et al, 1992;Schwarze et al, 1995;Worrall et al, 1997;Schwarze & Fink, 1997, 1998. The fungi chosen for this study also demonstrated soft rot capability as a means of bypassing the blocked cell lumina of the reaction zones.…”

Section: Reaction-zone Penetrationmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Material deposited by the host as a defence mechanism and barrier to invasion is therefore viewed as a form of containment against the fungal pathogen. The fact that reaction zones can be breached by fungi (Schwarze & Fink, 1997, 1998, and the mechanism by which this occurs, have particular relevance in understanding the invasive potential of decay fungi in standing trees.…”

Section: Reaction-zone Penetrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Terpenes and the thermotolerance of photosynthesis

Singsaas

2000

New Phytologist

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A walk through the forest is a good way to become aquainted with the variety of terpenes emitted by plants. The most fragrant of these are the monoterpenes, which lend a distinctive smell to trees (e.g. α‐ and β‐pinene from pines), mints (e.g. menthol from peppermint), fruits (e.g. limonene from citrus) and flowers (e.g. geraniol from roses). In addition to adding fragrance, phytogenic hydrocarbons play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. This was recognized as early as 1960 by Fritz Went who noted that blue hazes often formed above forested areas (Went, 1960). This idea was picked up by US President Ronald Reagan who accused trees of polluting the atmosphere, although in truth phytogenic hydrocarbons only contribute to pollution in air that is already contaminated by industry or automobile exhaust (Feshenfeld et al., 1992). Terpenes serve a variety of functions in plants including deterring herbivores and attracting pollinators. Until recently, the function of terpene emission from some groups of plants, which do not store the terpenes in their tissues, has been a mystery. Following the discovery that isoprene, a hemiterpene, increases the thermotolerance of photosynthesis in some species (Sharkey & Singsaas, 1995; Singsaas et al., 1997), Loreto et al. (1998) discovered that thermotolerance of the monoterpene‐emitting oak, Quercus ilex, increases when leaves are fumigated with monoterpenes. Now, a report by Delfine et al. in this issue (pp. 27–36) provides further support for the hypothesis that terpenes play a role in thermotolerance of leaves and suggests, intriguingly, that the mechanism by which this occurs is not limited to plants that make these compounds.

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Section: Reaction-zone Penetrationmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Reaction-zone Penetrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Terpenes and the thermotolerance of photosynthesis

Singsaas

2000

New Phytologist

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“…The most remarkable anatomical effect is separation of fibres by dissolution of the middle lamellae. In simultaneous rot, lignin and structural polysaccharides are attacked in more or less similar fashion (Worrall et al 1997;Schwarze and Fink 1998). Wood degradation by I. hispidus in Ailanthus has both a white and soft rot pattern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on degradation pattern, infection is usually separated into three types: white rot, brown rot and soft rot (Liese 1970;Blanchette 1991;Eaton and Halle 1993;Schwarze and Fink 1998). In white rot, all cell constituents are degraded and broadly classified into: (a) selective delignification and (b) simultaneous rot.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern of delignification inAilanthus excelsaRoxb. wood byInonotus hispidus(Bull.: Fr.) Karst.

et al. 2010

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The pattern of delignification in Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. wood, naturally infected by Inonotus hispidus (Bull.: Fr.) Karst., was studied by light microscopy. Inonotus hispidus produced a typical pattern of soft rot decay even though it is grouped with white rot basidiomycetes. Fungal hyphae colonised all cell types of the secondary xylem but more damage was observed in xylem fibres. In the early stage, infection commenced on the cell wall corners and middle lamellae of the fibre wall without any pronounced effect on the primary and secondary wall layers. Delignification of fibre wall became apparent when all cell types became completely invaded by fungal hyphae. It started from within the lumina towards the middle lamellae, occurring initially in the immediate vicinity of hyphae growing on the luminal surface by forming an erosion trough. At an advanced stage of decay, localised degradation of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose resulted in the formation of small cavities within the secondary walls (S 2 ) of fibres. These cavities were never observed to contain any fungal hyphae. Though the vessels were resistant to infection, xylem rays and fibres were relatively less resistant to attack by I. hispidus. In severe infection, vessel lumens were found to be filled with sclerotic tissue which blocked them, resulting in complete collapse. The formation of cavities and the extent of cell wall damage are described in detail.

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“…These were fixed in a 2% (w/w) glutaraldehyde buffered at pH 7.2-7.4, dehydrated with acetone and embedded in a methacrylate medium (Schwarze and Fink 1998). They were then sectioned at approximately 2 and 4 mm with a rotary microtome (Leica ᮋ 2040 Supercut) fitted with a diamond knife.…”

Section: Light Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of thermo-hygro-mechanically (THM)-densified wood by soft-rot fungi

Skyba

Niemz

Schwarze

2008

HFSG

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Thermo-hygro-mechanical (THM)-densified wood is more resistant to colonisation and degradation by brown-rot fungi than untreated wood. Colonisation and degradation by soft-rot fungi was investigated in treated Norway spruce (Picea abies) and treated beech (Fagus sylvatica) to assess their suitability for utility class 4. Three different treatments were applied: thermal-hygro (TH) treatment, mechanical densification and THM-treatment including densification and post-treatment under saturated steam conditions at different temperatures. For comparison, additional wood specimens were treated with two concentrations of a chromium-copper (CC) wood preservative. After 32 weeks incubation, weight losses induced by soft-rot fungi were lowest in wood treated with CC. Highest weight losses were recorded from TH-treated wood, in which soft-rot erosion attack (type 2) was exclusively observed in spruce. In comparison to controls, significantly lower weight losses by soft-rot fungi were recorded in THM-treated spruce wood, but no such differences were found in beech wood. Microscopical examination showed that in THM-treated wood of spruce, soft-rot type 1 commenced from the outer wood surfaces and cavity formation was not found in deeper regions of the wood samples. THM-treated beech wood was more susceptible to degradation than that of spruce which can be partly explained by the higher syringyl lignin content in beech wood, which is more susceptible to all kinds of degradation. Hyphal colonisation and soft-rot was facilitated within deeper regions of beech wood mainly in the non-occluded lumina of parenchyma cells in multiseriate xylem rays. It can be concluded that THtreated spruce wood and THM-treated beech wood is susceptible to soft-rot and therefore inappropriate for utility class 4.

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Host and cell type affect the mode of degradation by Meripilus giganteus

Cited by 55 publications

References 27 publications

Terpenes and the thermotolerance of photosynthesis

Terpenes and the thermotolerance of photosynthesis

Pattern of delignification inAilanthus excelsaRoxb. wood byInonotus hispidus(Bull.: Fr.) Karst.

Degradation of thermo-hygro-mechanically (THM)-densified wood by soft-rot fungi

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