Host- and Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles, Immune Function, and Disease Development

Macia, Laurence; Nanan, Ralph; Hosseini‐Beheshti, Elham; Grau, Georges E.

doi:10.3390/ijms21010107

Cited by 175 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…Focusing on the bEV proportion, in-vitro studies pointed out that bEVs derived from gram-negative bacteria can trigger in ammation through the activation of the toll-like receptors 2 and 4 [74,75] as well as EVs derived from Moraxella spp. have been linked to contribute to sinusitis development through the stimulation of the immune response [76]. Consistently, Gram-positive bEVs were associated with an exacerbated immune response principally through the presence of toxins on bEVs surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Characterization and Analysis of The Nasal Microbiota and Plasmatic Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Rhinitis: A Case-Control Study

Mariani¹,

Iodice²,

Cantone³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Increasing evidence suggests a possible link between the bacterial nasal microbiota (bNM) to allergic diseases such as allergic Rhinitis (AR), as it might modulate the allergic response by acting on the onset and progression of allergic inflammation. In this case-control study, we aimed to compare the bNM between 25 AR patients and 25 matched healthy subjects (HS) as well as to evaluate possible modifications within the host-microbiota cross-talk, investigating the release pattern of both bacterial- and host-Extracellular Vesicles (EVs).Results: bNM analysis showed that Actinobacteria (AR: 2.5%-83.5%; HS: 18.6%-92.7%), Firmicutes (AR: 6.1%-63.5%; HS: 6.4%-72.2%) and Proteobacteria (AR: 0.6%-89.6%; HS 0.7%-38%) were the most abundant phyla in the study population. Diversity reduction in AR patient bNM was pointed out compared to the HS group bNM (Observed OTUs: p =0.018; PD whole tree: p =0.014). Moreover, the distribution of the weighted normalized intra-group UniFrac distances analysis showed a less uniform bacterial community within AR patients rather than HS group (nonparametric test p =0.01). Since EVs may have a central role in the cross-talk between bNM and the host, we evaluated their size and concentration in the plasma of the study subjects. AR patients were characterized by a higher concentration of EVs ranging between 130-231 nm, 257-287 nm and 323-348 nm (p <0.05). We further characterized plasmatic EVs investigating both bacterial-EVs and host-EVs subpopulations and observed that all EV subtypes mean concentrations were higher in AR patients compared to those of HS group, except for EpCAM+ EVs.Conclusion: Our results suggest that AR patients are characterized by a less diverse and wide intra-group variable bNM compared to that of HS, as well as an altered host-microbiota EV communication network. Further studies are needed to disentangle the relationship between the host and the nasal bacterial community during pathological conditions and health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Characterization and Analysis of The Nasal Microbiota and Plasmatic Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Rhinitis: A Case-Control Study

Mariani¹,

Iodice²,

Cantone³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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show abstract

“…Whilst there is an ongoing debate as to whether EVs are active signaling components or mainly a “junk disposal system,” it is generally accepted that every living cell produces EVs. The cargo of bacterial EVs depends on the cellular component that they originate from: in Gram-negative bacteria they mainly originate from the outer membrane and contain periplasmic components (outer membrane vesicles, OMVs), whereas Gram-positive bacteria produce bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) ( 56 ). EVs may contain a variety of cargo including proteins, signaling components, receptors, mRNA and many others.…”

Section: The Role Of Neutrophils and The Microbiome In Newbornsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study outlines the crucial role of microbiota regulating different functional properties of neutrophils, that may drive the inflammatory state toward either resistance mechanisms or a tolerant phenotype. Moreover, microbiota-derived EVs may influence the functional properties of innate immune cells, in particular neutrophils ( 56 , 57 , 132 , 133 ). EVs contain a variety of cargo including different proteins, phospholipids, glycolipids, nucleic acids and polysaccharides that are partially able to directly bind to pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) ( 132 , 134 , 135 ).…”

Section: Long-term Adaptation Of Neutrophilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Microbiota in Neutrophil Regulation and Adaptation in Newborns

et al. 2020

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Newborns are highly susceptible to infections and mainly rely on innate immune functions. Reduced reactivity, delayed activation and subsequent failure to resolve inflammation however makes the neonatal immune system a very volatile line of defense. Perinatal microbiota, nutrition and different extra-uterine factors are critical elements that define long-term outcomes and shape the immune system during the neonatal period. Neutrophils are first responders and represent a vital component of the immune system in newborns. They have long been regarded as merely executive immune cells, however this notion is beginning to shift. Neutrophils are shaped by their surrounding and adaptive elements have been described. The role of “innate immune memory” and the main triangle connection microbiome—neutrophil—adaptation will be discussed in this review.

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“…Therefore, there is a huge gap in knowledge to fully comprehend the true impact of EV-mediated intercellular communication. However, after internalization and release of cargos, the role of EVs in the physiological modulation of recipient cells is well-established [39,[92][93][94][95][96][97]. Interestingly, the physiological effects of EVs are as diverse as their contents.…”

Section: Evs As Intercellular Messengersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles in Smoking-Mediated HIV Pathogenesis and their Potential Role in Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Interventions

Haque

Kumar

Gerth

et al. 2020

Cells

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In the last two decades, the mortality rate in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has decreased significantly, resulting in an almost normal longevity in this population. However, a large portion of this population still endures a poor quality of life, mostly due to an increased inclination for substance abuse, including tobacco smoking. The prevalence of smoking in PLWHA is consistently higher than in HIV negative persons. A predisposition to cigarette smoking in the setting of HIV potentially leads to exacerbated HIV replication and a higher risk for developing neurocognitive and other CNS disorders. Oxidative stress and inflammation have been identified as mechanistic pathways in smoking-mediated HIV pathogenesis and HIV-associated neuropathogenesis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), packaged with oxidative stress and inflammatory agents, show promise in understanding the underlying mechanisms of smoking-induced HIV pathogenesis via cell-cell interactions. This review focuses on recent advances in the field of EVs with an emphasis on smoking-mediated HIV pathogenesis and HIV-associated neuropathogenesis. This review also provides an overview of the potential applications of EVs in developing novel therapeutic carriers for the treatment of HIV-infected individuals who smoke, and in the discovery of novel biomarkers that are associated with HIV-smoking interactions in the CNS.

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Host- and Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles, Immune Function, and Disease Development

Cited by 175 publications

References 124 publications

Characterization and Analysis of The Nasal Microbiota and Plasmatic Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Rhinitis: A Case-Control Study

Characterization and Analysis of The Nasal Microbiota and Plasmatic Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Rhinitis: A Case-Control Study

The Role of Microbiota in Neutrophil Regulation and Adaptation in Newborns

Extracellular Vesicles in Smoking-Mediated HIV Pathogenesis and their Potential Role in Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Interventions

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