Host gene effects on gut microbiota in type 1 diabetes

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by progressive pancreatic β-cell loss. Both a predisposing genetic background, that may encompass mutations in several genes, as well as exposure to environmental factors can affect the progression of autoimmune responses to multiple pancreatic islet autoantigens. Many genetic variants that increase the risk of T1D are found in immunity genes involved in sensing and responding to microorganisms. Although increasing evidence indicates that the gut microbiome composition may promote or prevent T1D development, little is known about the link between gut microbiota and T1D susceptibility genes in patients with T1D. Recent studies in the inbred non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse, a widely used model of T1D, have suggested that many genetic loci can influence gut microbiome composition to modulate islet autoimmunity. This review summarizes evidence that examines the effect of host genes on gut microbiota diversity and function during T1D development. Knowledge of the host gene-gut microbiota interactions at play during T1D progression may help us identify new diagnostic and prognostic tools and help also design effective strategies for disease treatment.

Beneficial In Vitro Effects of Polysaccharide and Non-Polysaccharide Components of Dendrobium huoshanense on Gut Microbiota of Rats with Type 1 Diabetes as Opposed to Metformin

“…The International Diabetes Federation estimated that more than 542,000 children suffered from T1D in 2015, and this rate is increasing by an annual rate of 3%, with approximately 86,000 children developing T1D every year [ 6 ]. Various factors are involved in the development of T1D, including the diet, genome, and gut microbiota [ 2 , 3 , 7 ]. Among them, the gut microbiota has been recently recognized as important, and even genetic factors might predispose T1D through effects on the gut microbiota [ 8 ].…”