Host Genotype and Colonist Arrival Order Jointly Govern Plant Microbiome Composition and Function

D614G mutation and SARS-CoV-2: impact on S-protein structure, function, infectivity, and immunity

“…It is also crucial to know the impact of novel vaccine development, diagnostic tests, antiviral drugs pathogenesis, resistance, and immune responses (Chellapandi and Saranya 2020 ; Sanjuán and Domingo-Calap 2016 ). So, continuous monitoring and accurate analysis of the evolutionary phenomenon of SARS-CoV-2 are crucial to distinguish the definite genetic changes and variations leading to the virulence and transmissibility of the virus (Leopold and Busby 2020 ; Mercatelli and Giorgi 2020 ). During the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak, the genetic variations have evolved at a faster rate.…”

Roles of leaf functional traits in fungal endophyte colonization: Potential implications for host–pathogen interactions

“…A new study, however, shows that the presence of Epichloë FE can alleviate the trade-off between the growth and defence functions of their host grasses (Bastías et al, 2021). This is because most de- Leopold & Busby, 2020).…”

“…Even when this study refers to a vertically transmitted fungus, with a systemic colonization within host grasses, it highlights the importance of FE in supplying extra defences to the host, without assuming any cost to the host in terms of growth. In the case of fast-growing species or plant parts, a high charge of FE in their tissues may help hosts to complement their innate low chemical defences, likely modifying the foliar chemical environment, which may be challenging when pathogen invasion occurs once FE are first established in leaves(Adame-Álvarez et al, 2014;Leopold & Busby, 2020).…”

Elevated carbon dioxide reduces a common soybean leaf endophyte

“…On the other hand, longer bacterial establishment time could lead to facilitation of fungal growth if the fungi feed directly on bacterial colonies. Previous work has shown that priority effects change the outcome of microbe-microbe interactions in planta in ways that impact host disease susceptibility(Adame-Álvarez et al, 2014;Leopold & Busby, 2020). While we did not manipulate the order of arrival of the interacting microbes in vitro, it is evident that establishment time of early colonizers may be an additional factor that could impact the ecological and functional outcomes of microbe-microbe F I G U R E 5 Presence of Methylobacterium sp.…”

“…Priority effects have also been shown to influence how synthetic communities of fungi assemble in Populus leaves in ways that affect host disease susceptibility (Leopold & Busby, 2020). Additionally, in a field manipulation experiment, priority colonization of cacao leaves by a dominant endophyte reduced overall diversity and density of the fungal endophyte community, in addition to reducing foliar pathogen damage (Christian et al, 2017).…”