Host immune response against DENV and ZIKV infections

Abstract

Dengue is a major public health concern, affecting almost 400 million people worldwide, with about 70% of the global burden of disease in Asia. Despite revised clinical classifications of dengue infections by the World Health Organization, the wide spectrum of the manifestations of dengue illness continues to pose challenges in diagnosis and patient management for clinicians. When the Zika epidemic spread through the American continent and then later to Africa and Asia in 2015, researchers compared the characteristics of the Zika infection to Dengue, considering both these viruses were transmitted primarily through the same vector, the Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes. An important difference to note, however, was that the Zika epidemic diffused in a shorter time span compared to the persisting feature of Dengue infections, which is endemic in many Asian countries. As the pathogenesis of viral illnesses is affected by host immune responses, various immune modulators have been proposed as biomarkers to predict the risk of the disease progression to a severe form, at a much earlier stage of the illness. However, the findings for most biomarkers are highly discrepant between studies. Meanwhile, the cross-reactivity of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells response to Dengue and Zika viruses provide important clues for further development of potential treatments. This review discusses similarities between Dengue and Zika infections, comparing their disease transmissions and vectors involved, and both the innate and adaptive immune responses in these infections. Consideration of the genetic identity of both the Dengue and Zika flaviviruses as well as the cross-reactivity of relevant T cells along with the actions of CD4+ cytotoxic cells in these infections are also presented. Finally, a summary of the immune biomarkers that have been reported for dengue and Zika viral infections are discussed which may be useful indicators for future anti-viral targets or predictors for disease severity. Together, this information appraises the current understanding of both Zika and Dengue infections, providing insights for future vaccine design approaches against both viruses.

Zika virus non-structural proteins B-cell epitope mapping in mother-newborn immune interaction

“…Recent literature references some different aspects between zika/dengue immune responses. [42][43][44] Further studies will be carried out following this work, to better elucidate the immunogenic mechanisms of ZIKV proteins and to describe potential epitopes in structural proteins of ZIKV, ELISA-SPOT will be used to validate the found peptides in this work, as showed in Chikungunya virus envelope protein.…”

Plant-Produced Anti-Zika Virus Monoclonal Antibody Glycovariant Exhibits Abrogated Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Infection

“…For example, at the respective EC 50 concentrations, ADE reduction by ZV1 WT appeared to be much more drastic for DENV than ZIKV. This may reflect the intrinsic difference in ADE activity between the two viruses [50]. One possible explanation is that DENV is more prone to enhance viral replication once being up-taken into host cells via ADE [18] and, therefore, still exhibited substantial ADE at the EC 50 concentration.…”

Severe dengue in the intensive care unit

“…These complexes activate complement, reducing the level of C3 and increasing the levels of C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins: these anaphylatoxins act at the endothelial surface and contribute to vascular leakage. [ 1 , 39 ]…”