Host–Microbe Interplay in the Cardiometabolic Benefits of Dietary Polyphenols

Abstract

Highlights • Human trials using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps coupled with preclinical studies in animal models have pointed to proanthocyanidins (PACs), ellagitannins, and resveratrol as promising strategies against metabolic syndrome. • Studies using germ-free models and fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs) are beginning to unveil a causal relationship between gut microbial changes and the cardiometabolic benefits of PACs, ellagitannins, and resveratrol. • Polyphenols act primarily on the gut lumen; their health benefits possibly derive from reshaping of the interplay between the gut microbes and host immune system and/or modification of the set of microbial metabolites bioavailable to the host. • While recent research has confirmed the prebiotic effect of polyphenols on Akkermansia muciniphila, this bacterium is unlikely to be the sole player in the trialog between polyphenols, microbes, and host immunometabolism.

Intestinal Organoids: A Tool for Modelling Diet–Microbiome–Host Interactions

“…Diets rich in phytochemicals and fiber, commonly derived from several types of fruit and vegetable, have been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, obesity, diabetes, and GI cancers [3,13,[16][17][18][19][20]. However, the biological effects of these compounds cannot be directly linked to the native molecules as they occur in the plant.…”

Measurement of gut microbial metabolites in cardiometabolic health and translational research

“…Other microbial lipid metabolites such as conjugated linoleic acids were demonstrated to exhibit anti‐inflammatory effects and favorable cardiometabolic effects in animal studies . Phytochemicals from plant foods can also be modified by gut microbiota to produce compounds with higher levels of bioactivity . Daidzein and genistein, two common isoflavones present in soybeans, can be converted into s‐equol by gut bacteria and may therefore exhibit favorable efficacy for the prevention of diseases, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and CVD .…”

“…Potential antituberculosis effect [37][38][39] Bind to pregame X receptor in intestinal cells and improve mucosal homeostasis and gut barrier function [37][38][39] Imidazole 18 Phytochemicals from plant foods can also be modified by gut microbiota to produce compounds with higher levels of bioactivity. 19 Daidzein and genistein, two common isoflavones present in soybeans, can be converted into s-equol by gut bacteria and may therefore exhibit favorable efficacy for the prevention of diseases, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and CVD. 16,41 Therefore, whether the effects of dietary components are beneficial or harmful may be dependent largely on the composition and function of the gut microbiota.…”

“…Accumulating evidence suggests that microbiota‐derived small molecules could be key messengers conveyed from gut microbes to other parts of the human body . These small bioactive molecules, such as short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine N ‐oxide (TMAO), imidazole propionate, conjugated linoleic acid, and s‐equol, are derived mainly from the gut microbiota metabolism of dietary components such as dietary fibers, amino acids, fatty acids, and phytochemicals . Studies have suggested that gut microbiota‐derived metabolites play key roles in health maintenance and disease progression .…”

“…[9][10][11][12][13][14] These small bioactive molecules, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), imidazole propionate, conjugated linoleic acid, and s-equol, are derived mainly from the gut microbiota metabolism of dietary components such as dietary fibers, amino acids, fatty acids, and phytochemicals. [15][16][17][18][19] Studies have suggested that gut microbiotaderived metabolites play key roles in health maintenance and disease progression. [20][21][22] They may also serve as novel biomarkers in clinical diagnosis and prognosis.…”