Host-Specialist Dominated Ectomycorrhizal Communities of Pinus cembra are not Affected by Temperature Manipulation

Rainer, Georg; Kuhnert, Regina; Unterholzer, Mara; Dresch, Philipp; Gruber, Andreas; Peintner, Ursula

doi:10.3390/jof1010055

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Areas devoid of fungi appropriate for whitebark pine [55,56], such as those not previously in whitebark pine, those lacking mature living trees as a fungal source (ghost forests), and those where fire, beetle kill, or other disturbance have decimated the soil mycota [17,57] are candidates for use of inoculation. Pinus cembra L. (another stone pine) inoculated with Suillus species 50 years ago in Europe still hosts these fungi, highlighting the fact that inoculation can be sustainable [58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designer Niches Promote Seedling Survival in Forest Restoration: A 7-Year Study of Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) Seedlings in Waterton Lakes National Park

Cripps

Alger

Sissons

2018

Forests

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Abstract:Designer niches in which environmental variables are controlled are useful in forest restoration to enhance survival of planted tree seedlings. Here, we evaluate particular manipulated habitats, on site variables, and pre-seedling conditions hypothesized to improve the survival rate of whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) seedlings out-planted in Waterton Lakes National Park. The tree species is in peril due to blister rust and mountain pine beetle infestations in its range; and is a restoration priority in Waterton Lakes because populations in the park are highly infected with blister rust (up to 90%). At Summit Lake, 21 plots were set up and half of each was terra-torched; 1000 seedlings were planted in clusters of three, under four conditions: on burned areas in burned beargrass mats, in burned areas where beargrass mats were not present, in unburned areas where beargrass was present, and in unburned areas without beargrass. This study reports data for the seventh year after planting, and overall, survival was 53% for individual seedlings and at least one seedling survived in 60.8% of clusters. Planting in burned areas increased cluster survival (by 34.3%, p < 0.0001) and planting near microsites increased cluster survival (by 19.3%, p < 0.0001); the type of microsite did not make a difference. Planting in beargrass mats decreased survival, but not significantly (8.9%, p = 0.11) and this was true for burns, not unburned areas. Inoculation with native ectomycorrhizal fungi did not enhance survival most likely because controls on lightly terra-torched and unburned areas had access to local native fungi. This is the first study to report statistics on the planting of seedlings in clusters; the results need to be compared with studies where seedlings are planted individually.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designer Niches Promote Seedling Survival in Forest Restoration: A 7-Year Study of Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) Seedlings in Waterton Lakes National Park

Cripps

Alger

Sissons

2018

Forests

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“…Passive soil warming significantly improved sap flow density of P. cembra by 11% to 19% above the level of control trees during the second and the third year of treatment, respectively [38]. This effect appeared to result from a warming-induced reduction in water viscosity, an increased permeability of root membranes [101][102][103], and aquaporin-mediated changes in root conductivity [104,105], as tree fine-root production and mycorrhization did not respond to warming [106]. Hardly affected were leaf-level transpiration and conductance for water vapor, thus water-use efficiency stayed unchanged, as confirmed by needle δ13 C analysis [38].…”

Section: Water Relationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of Climate Change at Treeline: Lessons from Space-for-Time Studies, Manipulative Experiments, and Long-Term Observational Records in the Central Austrian Alps

Wieser

Oberhuber

Gruber

2019

Forests

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This review summarizes the present knowledge about effects of climate change on conifers within the treeline ecotone of the Central Austrian Alps. After examining the treeline environment and the tree growth with respect to elevation, possible effects of climate change on carbon gain and water relations derived from space-for-time studies and manipulative experiments are outlined. Finally, long-term observational records are discussed, working towards conclusions on tree growth in a future, warmer environment. Increases in CO2 levels along with climate warming interact in complex ways on trees at the treeline. Because treeline trees are not carbon limited, climate warming (rather than the rising atmospheric CO2 level) causes alterations in the ecological functioning of the treeline ecotone in the Central Austrian Alps. Although the water uptake from soils is improved by further climate warming due to an increased permeability of root membranes and aquaporin-mediated changes in root conductivity, tree survival at the treeline also depends on competitiveness for belowground resources. The currently observed seedling re-establishment at the treeline in the Central European Alps is an invasion into potential habitats due to decreasing grazing pressure rather than an upward-migration due to climate warming, suggesting that the treeline in the Central Austrian Alps behaves in a conservative way. Nevertheless, to understand the altitude of the treeline, one must also consider seedling establishment. As there is a lack of knowledge on this particular topic within the treeline ecotone in the Central Austrian Alps, we conclude further research has to focus on the importance of this life stage for evaluating treeline shifts and limits in a changing environment.

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“…cembra is known to be associated with a large number of mutualists, whereas abundance was chosen for pathogens, since there are only few fungal pathogens reported to be explicitly associated with P. cembra (Barbeito et al, 2012;Rainer et al, 2015). We also included plot ID, region and year as random effects to account for spatial and temporal autocorrelation.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High throughput sequencing combined with null model tests reveals specific plant‐fungi associations linked to seedling establishment and survival

et al. 2019

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Plant‐fungal interactions are important for plant community assembly, but quantifying these relationships remains challenging. High throughput sequencing of fungal communities allows us to identify plant‐fungal associations at a high level of resolution, but often fails to provide information on taxonomic and functional assignment of fungi. We transplanted seeds of Pinus cembra across an elevational gradient (1850–2250 m a.s.l.) and identified environmental factors and known fungal associates important for seedling establishment and survival. We then applied null model tests to identify taxonomically unassigned fungi associated with pine recruitment. Early seedling establishment was determined by abiotic environmental factors, while seedling survival was predominantly affected by biotic environmental factors (i.e., the abundance of a fungal pathogen known from literature and the distance to adult trees). Null model tests identified known mycorrhizal partners and a large number of unknown operational taxonomic units (OTUs) associated with seedling survival, including saprotrophic and pathogenic species. These results highlight that unknown fungal OTUs, which are usually discarded from analyses, could play a crucial role for plant survival. Synthesis. We conclude that high throughput metabarcoding paired with null model tests, is a valuable approach for identifying hidden plant‐fungal associations within large and complex DNA metabarcoding datasets. Such an approach can be an important tool in illuminating the black box of plant‐microbe interactions, and thus understanding ecosystem dynamics.

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Host-Specialist Dominated Ectomycorrhizal Communities of Pinus cembra are not Affected by Temperature Manipulation

Cited by 18 publications

References 48 publications

Designer Niches Promote Seedling Survival in Forest Restoration: A 7-Year Study of Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) Seedlings in Waterton Lakes National Park

Designer Niches Promote Seedling Survival in Forest Restoration: A 7-Year Study of Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis) Seedlings in Waterton Lakes National Park

Effects of Climate Change at Treeline: Lessons from Space-for-Time Studies, Manipulative Experiments, and Long-Term Observational Records in the Central Austrian Alps

High throughput sequencing combined with null model tests reveals specific plant‐fungi associations linked to seedling establishment and survival

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