Host specificity in the Giardia duodenalis species complex

Cacciò, Simone M.; Lalle, Marco; Svärd, Staffan G.

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.001

Cited by 167 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 152 publications

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“…The farmer used bedding material from fields located in a forest, and it can be speculated that wild deer droppings containing cysts of G. intestinalis assemblage A were introduced to the calves' housing. Infection was confirmed by IFA visualization of parasite stages, so mere DNA detection without infection, possibly confounding results of genotyping [5], can be ruled out in this case. In samples from human patients Giardia genotype assemblage B Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum from calves with diarrhoea in Austria and evaluation of point-of-care tests

Lichtmannsperger

Hinney

Joachim

et al. 2019

Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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A B S T R A C TTo obtain information about the occurrence and genotype distribution of G. intestinalis and C. parvum in Austrian cattle, faecal samples from diarrhoeic calves younger than 180 days of age originating from 70 farms were examined. Of the 177 faecal samples, 27.1% were positive for Giardia cysts (immunofluorescence microscopy) and 55.4% for Cryptosporidium oocysts (phase-contrast microscopy). Positive samples were characterized by nested PCR for Giardia, 83.3% (triosephosphate isomerase; tpi) and 89.6% (β-giardin; bg) were positive, while the Cryptosporidium nested PCR returned 92.5% (60-kDa glycoprotein) positive results. Sequence analysis revealed one assemblage A-positive sample and 30 (bg) respectively 29 (tpi) assemblage E-positive samples for G. intestinalis. For C. parvum four subtypes within the IIa family (IIaA15G2R1, n = 29; IIaA19G2R2, n = 3; IIaA21G2R1, n = 2; IIaA14G1R1, n = 1) could be differentiated. Validation of two immunochromatographic point-of-care tests resulted in a sensitivity of 29.2% and 77.6%; a specificity of 98.4% and 91.1% for the detection of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum, respectively. Results confirm the widespread occurrence of both protozoa in diarrhoeic calves in Austria.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum from calves with diarrhoea in Austria and evaluation of point-of-care tests

Lichtmannsperger

Hinney

Joachim

et al. 2019

Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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“…Giardia intestinalis, GS (clone H7), belonging to assemblage B [1], was used for the experimental infection. The GS isolate (ATCC 50581) is a human isolate from Alaska, USA that has been used in experimental human infections [41].…”

Section: Preparation Of Giardia Trophozoitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Giardia intestinalis (also named G. lamblia or G. duodenalis) is a non-invasive protozoan intestinal parasite found worldwide that mainly causes a self-limiting diarrheal-disease, i.e., giardiasis in humans and other mammals [1]. Giardia-infections are often asymptomatic but can also result in acute or chronic diarrhea, malabsorption and weight loss [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The parasite has been estimated to contribute to 200 million symptomatic infections per year [3] and since 1954, at least 132 water-borne outbreaks of giardiasis have been reported worldwide [4]. The G. intestinalis group is genetically diverse with eight described genotypes or assemblages, but only parasites from assemblage A and B infect humans [1]. Recent data show that Giardia is a significant factor in the induction of reduced weight gain and stunting of young children in low-resource settings [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Chymase Mouse Mast Cell Protease-4 Regulates Intestinal Cytokine Expression in Mature Adult Mice Infected with Giardia intestinalis

Peirasmaki

Svärd

et al. 2020

Cells

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Mast cells have been shown to affect the control of infections with the protozoan parasite Giardia intestinalis. Recently, we demonstrated that Giardia excretory-secretory proteins inhibited the activity of the connective tissue mast cell-specific protease chymase. To study the potential role of the chymase mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)-4 during infections with Giardia, mMCP-4 +/+ and mMCP-4 −/− littermate mice were gavage-infected with G. intestinalis trophozoites of the human assemblage B isolate GS. No significant changes in weight gain was observed in infected young (≈10 weeks old) mMCP-4 −/− and mMCP-4 +/+ littermate mice. In contrast, infections of mature adult mice (>18 weeks old) caused significant weight loss as compared to uninfected control mice. We detected a more rapid weight loss in mMCP-4 −/− mice as compared to littermate mMCP-4 +/+ mice. Submucosal mast cell and granulocyte counts in jejunum increased in the infected adult mMCP-4 −/− and mMCP-4 +/+ mice. This increase was correlated with an augmented intestinal trypsin-like and chymotrypsin-like activity, but the myeloperoxidase activity was constant. Infected mice showed a significantly lower intestinal neutrophil elastase (NE) activity, and in vitro, soluble Giardia proteins inhibited human recombinant NE. Serum levels of IL-6 were significantly increased eight and 13 days post infection (dpi), while intestinal IL-6 levels showed a trend to significant increase 8 dpi. Strikingly, the lack of mMCP-4 resulted in significantly less intestinal transcriptional upregulation of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-25, CXCL2, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 in the Giardia-infected mature adult mice, suggesting that chymase may play a regulatory role in intestinal cytokine responses.Cells 2020, 9, 925 2 of 19 infections, including infections with G. intestinalis [9][10][11]. However, there is little insight into how Giardia spp. cause disease; they are not invasive and secrete no known toxins [12]. Recent research suggests that G. intestinalis can secrete a large number of immunomodulatory proteins, possibly regulating host immune responses [13][14][15][16]. However, the mechanisms on how interactions between the host and Giardia either lead to parasite clearance or to disease remain to be understood.Recent studies have shown the importance of different immune cells in giardiasis, where both innate and adaptive immunity seem to play significant roles [17][18][19]. Accumulated data suggest that there is a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 response during giardiasis [19,20]. When G. intestinalis attach to the microvillus brush border of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) there is a production of chemokines and cytokines that will attract immune cells to the intestinal submucosa [20][21][22]. However, the effects differ depending on model systems used. In cultured human IECs challenged by G. intestinalis trophozoites (assemblage B, isolate GS), several chemokines were highly up-regulated early-at 1.5 h after challenge [21]. In experimental infections of gerbils with the WB isolate (ATCC 50803)...

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“…This evidence of gene shuffling and the fact that there is very little 404 evidence of genome degradation would argue for optimization of growth as the 405 driving force of G. muris genome streamlining. 406 G. muris trophozoites have not been grown axenically in vitro, which has 407 hampered exploration of its genome, gene regulation and metabolism 5,21 , and has 408 limited the use of G. muris as an in vitro model system for the human parasite G. 409 intestinalis and other intestinal protozoan parasites 5 . We identified several metabolic 410 differences between G. muris and G. intestinalis that might indicate avenues to 411 successful strain axenization.…”

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confidence: 99%

The compact genome ofGiardia murisreveals important steps in the evolution of intestinal protozoan parasites

Jiménez-González

Einarsson

et al. 2019

Preprint

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AbstractDiplomonad parasites of the genus Giardia have adapted to colonizing different hosts, most notably the intestinal tract of mammals. The human-pathogenic Giardia species, Giardia intestinalis, has been extensively studied at the genome and gene expression level, but no such information is available for other Giardia species. Comparative data would be particularly valuable for Giardia muris, which colonizes mice and is commonly used as a prototypic in vivo model for investigating host responses to intestinal parasitic infection. Here we report the draft-genome of G. muris. We discovered a highly streamlined genome, amongst the most densely encoded ever described for a nuclear eukaryotic genome. G. muris and G. intestinalis share many known or predicted virulence factors, including cysteine proteases and a large repertoire of cysteine-rich surface proteins involved in antigenic variation. Different to G. intestinalis, G. muris maintains tandem arrays of pseudogenized surface antigens at the telomeres, whereas intact surface antigens are present centrally in the chromosomes. The two classes of surface antigens engage in genetic exchange. Reconstruction of metabolic pathways from the G. muris genome suggest significant metabolic differences to G. intestinalis. Additionally, G. muris encodes proteins that might be used to modulate the prokaryotic microbiota. The responsible genes have been introduced in the Giardia genus via lateral gene transfer from prokaryotic sources. Our findings point to important evolutionary steps in the Giardia genus as it adapted to different hosts and it provides a powerful foundation for mechanistic exploration of host-pathogen interaction in the G. muris – mouse pathosystem.Author summaryThe Giardia genus comprises eukaryotic single-celled parasites that infect many animals. The Giardia intestinalis species complex, which can colonize and cause diarrheal disease in humans and different animal hosts has been extensively explored at the genomic and cell biologic levels. Other Giardia species, such as the mouse parasite Giardia muris, have remained uncharacterized at the genomic level, hampering our understanding of in vivo host-pathogen interactions and the impact of host dependence on the evolution of the Giardia genus. We discovered that the G. muris genome encodes many of the same virulence factors as G. intestinalis. The G. muris genome has undergone genome contraction, potentially in response to a more defined infective niche in the murine host. We describe differences in metabolic and microbiome modulatory gene repertoire, mediated mainly by lateral gene transfer, that could be important for understanding infective success across the Giardia genus. Our findings provide new insights for the use of G. muris as a powerful model for exploring host-pathogen interactions in giardiasis.

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Host specificity in the Giardia duodenalis species complex

Cited by 167 publications

References 152 publications

Molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum from calves with diarrhoea in Austria and evaluation of point-of-care tests

Molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum from calves with diarrhoea in Austria and evaluation of point-of-care tests

The Chymase Mouse Mast Cell Protease-4 Regulates Intestinal Cytokine Expression in Mature Adult Mice Infected with Giardia intestinalis

The compact genome ofGiardia murisreveals important steps in the evolution of intestinal protozoan parasites

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