“…The proposed model in this study has its conceptual and theoretical basis in social exchange theory and is developed from previous studies that focus on measuring psychological impacts for a hosting mega-sporting event (Delamere, 2001;Delamere, Wankel, & hinch, 2001;Fredline & Faulkner, 2001;Fredline, Jago, & Deery, 2003;Gursoy & Kendall, 2006;Jurowski, Uysal, & Williams, 1997) Specifically, these studies implied social exchange theory to explain the perceptions of possible direct or indirect impacts through mega-sporting events, which may depend on how local residents evaluate the exchanges in which they are involved.…”