“…Conventionally all firms, domestic and international, are exposed to exchange rate risk, but empirical studies have found mixed results. While some studies report strong evidence of exposure (Bacha, Mohamad, Raihan, & Mohd, 2013; Kiymaz, 2003; Parsley & Popper, 2006; Tsai, Chiang, Tsai, & Liou, 2014; Ye, Hutson, & Muckley, 2014), a large number of studies reveal that only a small number of firms are significantly affected by exchange rate changes (Chue & Cook, 2008; Jorion, 1990; Lin, 2011; Muller & Verschoor, 2007). The inability of empirical evidence to support the theoretical phenomenon gives rise to ‘exchange rate exposure puzzle’, a term mentioned by Bartram and Bodnar (2007).…”