Hot topic: Pathway confirmed for the transmission of melamine from feed to cow's milk

Cruywagen, C.W.; Stander, Maria A.; Adonis, Marco; Calitz, T.

doi:10.3168/jds.2009-2081

Cited by 40 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Melamine in eggs Different authors reported an indirect melamine contamination of animal products, such as milk, cheese, meat and eggs, when animals were exposed to melamine-contaminated diets (Cruywagen et al, 2009;Dong et al, 2010;Cruywagen et al, 2011;Sun et al, 2011). The existence of an excretion pattern from feed to eggs was also reported (Bai et al, 2010;Chen et al, 2010;Dong et al, 2010;Valat et al, 2011;Yang et al, 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Some authors have recently suggested that melamine contamination in milk could be not only related to direct adulteration but also to the presence of melamine in feeds for lactating dairy cows, because of the fact that a passage of melamine from feed to milk and milk products was reported (Cruywagen et al, 2009;Battaglia et al, 2010;Shen et al, 2010;Sun et al, 2011;Zheng et al, 2011). In addition, a carryover of melamine from feed to egg and body tissues of laying hens has been reported by different authors (Bai et al, 2010;Chen et al, 2010;Dong et al, 2010;Valat et al, 2011;Yang et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Melamine in eggs, plasma and tissues of hens fed contaminated diets

Gallo

Bertuzzi

Battaglia

et al. 2012

Animal

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A study was conducted to evaluate the excretion pattern of melamine from feed into eggs, plasma, kidney, liver and muscle of laying hens. In particular, 90 laying hens were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments and fed diets contaminated with melamine at a level of 2.5, 25 and 250 mg of melamine/kg of diet for T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. The diets were offered in six replicate boxes (five hens each) for 13 days. Eggs were collected from each group for melamine quantification on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 13. At the end of the experimental period, one hen per box was randomly selected and slaughtered to collect plasma, liver, kidney and muscle samples. During the experiment, feeding diets with increasing levels of melamine had no effect (P . 0.05) on weight gain, feed intake, egg production, egg weight and mortality of laying hens. The melamine in eggs increased from day 1 after melamine ingestion and reached a plateau between days 6 and 13 of melamine ingestion. At steady-state condition, the melamine egg concentrations increased (P , 0.01) with treatments, being 0.026, 0.352 and 4.631 mg/kg for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Similarly, the carryover of melamine from feed to egg increased (P , 0.05) with the levels of melamine in the diets, varying from 0.50 to 0.70 and 0.84 for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. The melamine was detected in plasma of all tested groups, increasing (P , 0.01) with levels of melamine in the diets (0.030, 0.266 and 4.102 mg/l in T1, T2 and T3, respectively). Melamine was not detected in kidney, liver and muscle of hens fed T1. Except for kidney sampled in the T3, no melamine concentration higher than 2.5 mg/kg, representing the maximum allowable limit set by the US Food and Drug Administration and European Union for food and feeds, was measured. The melamine resulted higher in plasma and kidneys than in the liver and muscle both in T2 and T3. The results confirmed the presence of an excretion pattern of melamine from feed to eggs and tissues in laying hens.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melamine in eggs, plasma and tissues of hens fed contaminated diets

Gallo

Bertuzzi

Battaglia

et al. 2012

Animal

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“…Furthermore, nephrotoxicosis in Iberian piglets subsequent to exposure to melamine and derivatives in Spain between 2003 and 2006, [10] and the transmission of melamine from feed to cow's milk has been recently demonstrated [8]. These outbreaks emphasize that feedstuffs remain vulnerable to chemical contamination and an increase of surveillance on raw material and animal feed production at EU level is strongly recommended.…”

Section: A) Alt Alanine Aminotransferase (B) Tbil Total Bilirubimentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine Nephrotoxicosis Induced by Melamine-Contaminated Pet Food in Italy

Cocchi

Vascellari

Gallina

et al. 2010

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Two young dogs belonging to the same kennel placed nearby Treviso (north-eastern Italy) died at the end of 2008 with clinical signs of renal failure. They were subjected to necropsy and were evaluated for histopathological and toxicological changes. Both the animals had same clinical signs and laboratory evidence of uremia. Post mortem investigations revealed severe nephrotoxicosis, associated with uroliths deposition within renal tubules and pelvis. The predominant crystal type was identical to those observed in the kidneys of animals involved in the 2004 and 2007 melamine-associated renal failure epidemic in Asia and US, providing evidence that they share the same causative agent. High doses of melamine were detected in the pet food administered to the dogs, likewise melamine was identified in renal tissue from one dead dog and in urine samples from both the animals. Therefore, a diagnosis of melamine-related nephrotoxicosis was made. To the author's knowledge this is the first report about melamine contamination of pet food from EU.KEY WORDS: canine, melamine, nephrotoxicosis, pet food.

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“…Melamine appeared in the milk within 8 hr following the first feeding and reached a plateau value of approximately 15 mg/kg milk at 56 h. Upon cessation of exposure, milk melamine levels initially declined rapidly (by 39 % at 8 hrs and by 85 % at 32 hrs post exposure) but fell below the detection limit (5 μg/kg of milk) only after 6 days. Apart from normal daily variation, milk yield remained constant during the experiment at approximately 25 kg per day Average total melamine excretion via the milk can be calculated at 15 × 25 = 375 mg per day, during steady-state (Cruywagen et al, 2009). From these data a steady state transfer of 375 / 17.13 = 22 mg melamine in milk per gram melamine in the feed (2.2 %) can be EFSA Journal 2010; 8(4):1573 calculated.…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although melamine has been found in tissues and in milk of several species (for overview see Tolleson et al, 2009), only one systematic study seems to have been published in which carry-over of melamine to milk has been examined. Cruywagen et al (2009) dosed dairy cows with (nominally) 17.13 g of melamine per day via the feed. The substance was given in 15 kg of a pelleted feed supplement, which contained 1142 mg melamine/kg.…”

Section: Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Melamine in Food and Feed

Flavourings¹

2010

EFS2

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to provide a scientific opinion related to the presence of melamine and the structural analogues (cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide) in food and feed. EFSA identified the potential sources of melamine and cyanuric acid in food that were not clearly related to incidences of adulteration, including food contact materials, and estimated the associated dietary exposure. Melamine does not exhibit systemic toxicity, but is able to complex with other substances such as endogenous uric acid or substances related to melamine to form crystals in the urine, which cause kidney damage. From the available toxicological data, a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 0.2 mg/kg body weight was established for melamine. Due to uncertainties in the exposure estimates, the human data related to adulteration in infant milk formula with melamine in 2008 were not considered to be sufficiently robust, to form the primary basis for the TDI, but provided supporting evidence for the TDI derived from animal studies. The exposure from background levels of melamine and cyanurate that can occur in food and feed from approved sources does not represent a risk to the human consumer or to animals. Exposure in children due to migration from food contact materials would be below or in the region of the TDI. The migration limit for melamine should be reconsidered in the light of the TDI taking into account all sources of exposure. The potential of melamine to form crystals is increased by concomitant exposure to cyanuric acid, and therefore the TDI is not appropriate for protection of consumer health in the presence of such concomitant exposure. This opinion does SUMMARYThe European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission (EC) to provide a scientific opinion related to the presence of melamine and the structural analogues such as cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide in food and feed.Melamine (2,4,3,) is produced as a high volume chemical.It can be present in food as a result of uses in food contact materials, including articles made of melamine-formaldehyde plastics, can coatings, paper and board and adhesives. The current specific migration limit (SML) laid down in European Union legislation for plastics is 30 mg/kg food. Melamine may also occur in food as a metabolite and degradation product of cyromazine, which is used as a plant protection product and as a veterinary drug, and potentially as a result of its use as a flame retardant. Depending on the purification process, melamine may contain different levels of the structurally related substances cyanuric acid, ammeline and ammelide. Cyanuric acid residues can also occur in food as a result of use of dichloroisocyanurates as a source of active chlorine in disinfection agents. Melamine and cyanuric acid can be present as impurities in urea-based feed for ruminants.Illegal adulteration of food and feed with melamine has resulted in illness and deaths of human infants and pet animals (cats...

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Hot topic: Pathway confirmed for the transmission of melamine from feed to cow's milk

Cited by 40 publications

References 2 publications

Melamine in eggs, plasma and tissues of hens fed contaminated diets

Melamine in eggs, plasma and tissues of hens fed contaminated diets

Canine Nephrotoxicosis Induced by Melamine-Contaminated Pet Food in Italy

Scientific Opinion on Melamine in Food and Feed

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