Hot Water Extract of Triticum aestivum L. (Common Wheat) Ameliorates Renal Injury by Inhibiting Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Ischemia/Reperfusion

Abstract

Objectives : Interruption and subsequent restoration of blood flow into the kidney result in renal injury. As an approach to preventing the renal injury, we determined the optimal conditions and the underlying mechanisms by which supernatant of hot water extract of ground Triticum aestivum L. (extract) attenuated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Methods : One hour after administration of the extract (400 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection, renal I/R injury was generated by clamping the left renal artery in rats after surgical removal of the right kidney, followed by reperfusion. The maximal difference between the vehicle-treated and the extract-treated group under ketamine/xylazine or enflurane anesthetization was assessed at varying periods of ischemia (30-45 min) and reperfusion (3-48 hr), based on the renal function assessed with serum creatinine levels, tissue injury with hematoxylin/eosin staining, and apoptosis with terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining. Results : Enflurane anesthetization with 40 min of ischemia and 24 hr of reperfusion was identified to be the optimal condition, under which condition serum creatinine levels and tubular damage in the extract-treated group were significantly reduced compared with those in the vehicle-treated group (1.3±0.2 versus 2.7±0.3 mg/dL, P < 0.01, and average score 1.8±0.1 versus 3.5±0.3, P < 0.01, respectively). These beneficial effects were mediated by inhibition of apoptotic cascades through attenuation of renal tissue malondialdehyde levels, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 levels. Conclusions : The extract conferred renal protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by scavenging reactive oxygen species and consequently blocking apoptotic cascades, plausibly augmented by enflurane protection.

Plant-based foods containing cell wall polysaccharides rich in specific active monosaccharides protect against myocardial injury in rat myocardial infarction models

“…The MDA levels in the AAR were measured as previously described61. Detailed procedures are provided in Supplementary Methods.…”

Effect of Methanol Extract from Cassia mimosoides var. nomame on Ischemia/Reperfusion-induced Renal Injury in Rats

“…A methanol extract of the whole plant of CM was prepared as previously described 10,14,15) . Briefly, the CM specimens collected from Uiseong area, a county of Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea, were washed, and dried [A voucher specimen of CM was deposited in Nutrition Biochemistry Laboratory, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea].…”

“…A rat renal ischemia/reperfusion model was prepared as described previously 10) . Briefly, renal ischemia/reperfusion injury was generated in male SD rats (250-300 g) by surgically removing their right kidneys and then clamping their left renal arteries as previously described 15) .…”

“…Serum creatinine levels were measured as described previously 10) . Briefly, at the end of the reperfusion period (24 hr), blood samples were collected from the renal veins while the rats were anesthetized under ketamine and xylazine.…”

“…Although early restoration of the blood flow to ischemic kidneys is one way to prevent ischemic ARF, the method predisposes the already-weakened cells to further injuries by augmenting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 7,8) .The sequence of ischemia followed by reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion) can destroy the tubular cells by forcing them to undergo apoptosis or necrosis 9) . Thus, one way to prevent ischemic ARF caused by ischemia/reperfusion injury is to attenuate tubular cell death by eliminating ROS and consequently inhibiting apoptosis 6,10) . naturally in Korea as well as in China and Japan.…”