Hot workability of stainless steels: influence of deformation parameters, microstructural components, and restoration processes

Ahlblom, Bertil; Sandström, Rolf

doi:10.1179/imr.1982.27.1.1

Cited by 53 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…(%). Ferrite has a negative influence on hot ductility [5][6][7][8][9] because ferrite and austenite present different softening mechanisms at high defor-mation temperatures; while ferrite recovers austenite recrystallizes leading to interface fracture. In the majority of the cases delta ferrite may be eliminated by long period homogenizing heat treatments 10 in the 1050 to 1250 °C temperature range.…”

Section: Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After solidification, via conventional or continuous casting, wrought austenitic stainless steels are, in general, hot worked. Several factors influence hot ductility of the ASSs: temperature, strain, strain rate, chemical composition, grain size and orientation, non-metallic inclusions and prior mechanical or thermal heat treatments 5,11 . The analysis of the effects of the alloying elements on the hot ductility of the ASSs presents increased difficulties due to the fact that practically all alloying elements and impurities influence the amount of delta ferrite that is formed.…”

Section: Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A Short review on wrought austenitic stainless steels at high temperatures: processing, microstructure, properties and performance

et al. 2007

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Wrought austenitic stainless steels are widely used in high temperature applications. This short review discusses initially the processing of this class of steels, with emphasis on solidification and hot working behavior. Following, a brief summary is made on the precipitation behavior and the numerous phases that may appear in their microstructures. Creep and oxidation resistance are, then, briefly discussed, and finalizing their performance is compared with other high temperature metallic materials

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Section: Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Short review on wrought austenitic stainless steels at high temperatures: processing, microstructure, properties and performance

et al. 2007

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“…The phenomenon of σ phase precipitation in austenitic and super-austenitic stainless steels occurs over a temperature range of 600 to 1000 • C [35]. The σ phase increases with increasing time and temperature; for this reason, the material is susceptible to crack generation during the hot deformation process [15,37,38]. At the same time, the refractoriness plays an important role during the annealing treatment [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the same time, the refractoriness plays an important role during the annealing treatment [18]. The difficulties involved in dissipating heat, or in contrast in obtaining a thick and homogeneous material, create a lot of trouble during the heating process and the hot plastic deformation of AISI 904L [18,37,39].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recrystallization and Grain Growth of AISI 904L Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel: A Multivariate Regression Approach

Stornelli

Gaggiotti

Mancini

et al. 2022

Metals

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AISI 904L is a super-austenitic stainless steel that is remarkable for its mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance, which strictly depend on its chemical composition and microstructural features. The recrystallization process and grain growth phenomena play key roles in achieving high levels of material quality, as often requested by customers for specific applications. In this paper, the evolution of the microstructure and hardness values after cold rolling and subsequent annealing is reported, with the aim of optimizing the thermomechanical treatment conditions and improving the efficiency of the production process. The investigation was focused on three different cold reduction ratios (50%, 70% and 80%), while combining different annealing temperatures (950, 1050 and 1150 °C) and soaking times (in the range of 20–180 s. The test results were organized using a data analysis and statistical tool, which was able to show the correlation between the different variables and the impacts of these on recrystallization and grain growth processes. For low treatment temperatures, the tested soaking times led to partial recrystallization, making this condition industrially unattractive. Instead, for the higher temperature, full recrystallization was achieved over a short time (20–40 s), depending on the reduction ratio. Regarding the grain growth behavior, it was found to be independent of the reduction ratio; for each treatment temperature, the grain growth showed a linear trend as a function of the soaking time only. Moreover, the static recrystallization kinetics were analyzed using a statistical analysis software program that was able to provide evidence indicating the most and least influential parameters in the process. In particular, taking into consideration the hardness values as output data, the temperature and soaking time were revealed to have major effects as compared with the reduction ratio, which was excluded from the statistical analysis. The prediction approach allowed us to formulate a regression equation in order to correlate the response and terms. Moreover, a response optimizer was used to predict the best solution to get as close as possible to the hardness target required by the market.

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“…For this purpose it is desirable that the constitutive flow behaviour of the material be adequately characterized in the regimes of temperature and strain rate relevant to hot working. The hot deformation characteristics of austenitic stainless steels have been studied extensively under tension, compression, and torsion, and the influence of hot deformation parameters on hot workability and the development of microstructure have been reported [1][2][3][4]. The hot ductility is higher in the regime of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), which occurs in the temperature range of 1100-1200˚C and torsional strain-rate range of 0.1-5 s −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

YBa₂Cu₃O_x Superconducting Thin-Film Formation Studied by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy for the Multilayer Deposition Method

Ohkubo¹,

Hioki²

1988

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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The deformation behaviour of 304L stainless steel was evaluated, under compression in the temperature range of 600-1200˚C and strain-rate range of 0.001-100 s −1 from the viewpoint of establishing processing-microstructure relationships during hot working. Ferrite forms at temperatures above 1150˚C during deformation. The material exhibits a dynamic recrystallization (DRX) domain in the temperature range of 1000-1200˚C and strain-rate range of 0.01-5 s −1 , which is the optimum one for hot working. The development of microstructure in 304L stainless steel during industrial hot-forming operations such as press forging, rolling, extrusion, and hammer forging at different temperatures in the range 600-1200˚C, was studied and compared with the results of the laboratory tests for assessing the applicability of simulative tests in the optimization of processing parameters.In order to control the final microstructure of the product, an analytical model for the evolution of microstructure during hot working (in the DRX domain) was obtained. Using the above model, the optimum strain, strain-rate, and temperature trajectories were arrived at for obtaining a grain size of 35 µm in an extruded product. Process control parameters, such as ram velocity, die profile, and billet temperature, which achieve the optimal trajectories were calculated using a process model. Extrusion trials were conducted at optimal conditions and a good agreement with those results predicted in the design stage has been achieved.

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Hot workability of stainless steels: influence of deformation parameters, microstructural components, and restoration processes

Cited by 53 publications

References 26 publications

A Short review on wrought austenitic stainless steels at high temperatures: processing, microstructure, properties and performance

A Short review on wrought austenitic stainless steels at high temperatures: processing, microstructure, properties and performance

Recrystallization and Grain Growth of AISI 904L Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel: A Multivariate Regression Approach

YBa₂Cu₃O_x Superconducting Thin-Film Formation Studied by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy for the Multilayer Deposition Method

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Hot workability of stainless steels: influence of deformation parameters, microstructural components, and restoration processes

Cited by 53 publications

References 26 publications

A Short review on wrought austenitic stainless steels at high temperatures: processing, microstructure, properties and performance

A Short review on wrought austenitic stainless steels at high temperatures: processing, microstructure, properties and performance

Recrystallization and Grain Growth of AISI 904L Super-Austenitic Stainless Steel: A Multivariate Regression Approach

YBa2Cu3Ox Superconducting Thin-Film Formation Studied by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy for the Multilayer Deposition Method

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YBa₂Cu₃O_x Superconducting Thin-Film Formation Studied by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy for the Multilayer Deposition Method