Hotplate precipitation gauge calibrations and field measurements

Zelasko, Nicholas; Wettlaufer, Adam; Borkhuu, B.; Burkhart, Matthew; Campbell, Leah S.; Steenburgh, W. James; Snider, Jefferson R.

doi:10.5194/amt-11-441-2018

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…At one of three ground sites (HP in Figs. 1a-b) we deployed a hotplate precipitation gauge (Rasmussen et al 2011;Zelasko et al 2018), a GPS receiver, and a data acquisition system. Once per second, the data system ingested a hotplate-generated data string, combined that with time-of-day from the GPS receiver (Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)), and recorded the merged hotplate/UTC data string.…”

Section: -Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The S/Z Relationship of Rimed Snow Particles

Fuller

Marlow

Haimov

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Values of liquid-equivalent snowfall rate (S) at a ground site, and microwave reflectivity (Z) retrieved above the ground site using an airborne W-band radar, were acquired during overflights. Temperature at the ground site was between -6 and -15 °C. At flight level, within clouds containing ice and supercooled liquid water, the temperature was approximately 7 °C colder. Additionally, airborne measurements of snow particle imagery were acquired. The images demonstrate that most of the snow particles were rimed. The S/Z pairs are generally consistent with a published S/Z relationship. The latter was developed with airborne measurements of snow particle imagery, which were used to calculate S, and coincident airborne W-band radar measurements, for Z. Both the previous work and this contribution indicate that most S/Z relationships developed for W-band radars underestimate S in situations with rimed snow particles and with Z < 1 mm6 m-3.

show abstract

Section: -Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Algorithms used to process hotplate measurements are described in Rasmussen et al (2011), Boudala et al (2014), andZelasko et al (2018). Henceforth, these are referred to as R11, B14, and Z18, respectively.…”

Section: -Hotplate Gaugementioning

confidence: 99%

The S/Z Relationship of Rimed Snow Particles

Fuller

Marlow

Haimov

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…At one of three ground sites (HP in Fig. 1a and b) a hotplate precipitation gauge (Rasmussen et al, 2011;Zelasko et al, 2018), a GPS receiver, and a data acquisition system were deployed. Once per second, the data system ingested a hotplate-generated data string, combined that with time of day from the GPS receiver (Coordinated Universal Time, UTC), and recorded the merged hotplate-UTC data string.…”

Section: Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Algorithms used to process hotplate measurements are described in Rasmussen et al (2011), Boudala et al (2014), and Zelasko et al (2018). Henceforth, these are referred to as R11, B14, and Z18, respectively.…”

Section: Hotplate Gaugementioning

confidence: 99%

W-band S–Z relationships for rimed snow particles: observational evidence from combined airborne and ground-based observations

Fuller,

Marlow,

Haimov

et al. 2023

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Values of undercatch-corrected liquid-equivalent snowfall rate (S) at a ground site and microwave reflectivity (Z) retrieved using an airborne W-band radar were acquired during overflights. The temperature at the ground site was between −6 and −15 ∘C. At flight level, within clouds containing ice and supercooled liquid water, the temperature was approximately 7 ∘C colder. Additionally, airborne measurements of snow particle imagery were acquired. The images demonstrate that most of the snow particles were rimed, at least at flight level. A relatively small set of S–Z pairs (four) is available from the overflights. Important distinctions between these measurements and those of Pokharel and Vali (2011), who reported S–Z pairs and an S–Z relationship for rimed snow particles, are (1) the fewer S–Z pairs, (2) the method used to acquire S, and (3) the altitude, relative to ground, of the W-band Z retrievals. This analysis corroborates the fact that the S–Z relationship reported in Pokharel and Vali (2011) yields an S – in scenarios with snowfall produced by riming – substantially larger than that derived using an S–Z relationship developed for unrimed snow particles.

show abstract

“…It was also employed to investigate the correlation between precipitation and visibility (Gultepe and Milbrandt 2010) or the icing phenomenon (Wang et al 2019). The increasing use of the hotplate also increased the interest in evaluating and correcting the associated measurement biases, for example Zelasko et al (2018) evaluated the effects of longwave and shortwave radiation on the instrument performance, proposing an alternative algorithm to calculate precipitation intensity. Rasmussen et al (2011) derived a wind-speed-dependent collection efficiency related to the instrumental error of the hotplate, although not to its aerodynamic effect as investigated in the present work.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snow Particle Collection Efficiency and Adjustment Curves for the Hotplate Precipitation Gauge

Cauteruccio

Chinchella

Stagnaro

et al. 2021

Journal of Hydrometeorology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The hotplate precipitation gauge operates by means of a thermodynamic principle. It is composed by a small size disk with two thin aluminium heated plates on the upper and lower faces. Each plate has three concentric rings to prevent the hydrometeors from sliding off in strong wind. As for the more widely used tipping-bucket and weighing gauges, measurements are affected by the wind-induced bias due to the bluff-body aerodynamics of the instrument outer shape. Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations were numerically solved, using a k-ω shear stress transport closure model, to simulate the aerodynamic influence of the gauge body on the airflow. Wind tunnel tests were conducted to validate simulation results. Solid particle trajectories were modelled using a Lagrangian Particle Tracking model to evaluate the influence of the airflow modification on the ability of the instrument to collect the incoming hydrometeors. A suitable parameterization of the particle size distribution, as a function of the snowfall intensity, was employed to calculate the Collection Efficiency (CE) under different wind conditions. Results reveal a relevant role of the three rings in enhancing the collection performance of the gauge. Below 7.5 m s-1, the CE curves linearly decrease with increasing the wind speed, while beyond that threshold, the blocking caused by the rings counter effects the aerodynamic induced undercatch, and the CE curves quadratically increase with the wind speed. At high wind speed, the undercatch vanishes and the instrument exhibits a rapidly increasing overcatch. For operational purposes, adjustment curves were formulated as a function of the wind speed and the measured snowfall intensity.

show abstract

Hotplate precipitation gauge calibrations and field measurements

Cited by 7 publications

References 22 publications

The S/Z Relationship of Rimed Snow Particles

The S/Z Relationship of Rimed Snow Particles

W-band S–Z relationships for rimed snow particles: observational evidence from combined airborne and ground-based observations

Snow Particle Collection Efficiency and Adjustment Curves for the Hotplate Precipitation Gauge

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About