Hourly Awakening vs Continuous Contact Lens Sensor Measurements of 24-Hour Intraocular Pressure

Abstract

IMPORTANCE All studies of 24-hour intraocular pressure (IOP) rhythm conducted to date have used repeated IOP measurements requiring nocturnal awakenings, potentially disturbing sleep macrostructure.OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects on sleep architecture and IOP rhythm of hourly awakening vs a contact lens sensor (CLS) to continuously monitor IOP without awakening. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSCross-sectional study at a referral center of chronobiology among 12 young healthy volunteers, with a mean (SD) age of 22.3 (2.3) years.INTERVENTIONS Volunteers underwent two 24-hour IOP measurement sessions during a 2-month period. The eye order and session order were randomized. During one session, the IOP of the first eye was continuously monitored using a CLS, and the IOP of the fellow eye was measured hourly using a portable noncontact tonometer (session with nocturnal hourly awakening). During the other session, the IOP of the first eye was continuously monitored using a CLS, and the IOP of the fellow eye was not measured (session without nocturnal awakening). Overnight polysomnography was performed during the 2 sessions. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESA nonlinear least squares, dual-harmonic regression analysis was used to model the 24-hour IOP rhythm from the CLS data. Comparisons of acrophase, bathyphase, amplitude, and the midline estimating statistic of rhythm were used to evaluate the effect of hourly awakening on IOP rhythm. To evaluate the effects of hourly awakening on sleep architecture, comparisons of sleep structure were used, including total sleep period, rapid eye movement, wake after sleep onset, absolute and relative total sleep time, and non-rapid eye movement sleep (N1, N2, and N3).RESULTS A 24-hour IOP rhythm was found in all individuals for the sessions with and without awakening (P < .05). Hourly awakening for nocturnal IOP measurements increased wake after sleep onset (P = .04) but did not seem to change total sleep time, total sleep period, sleep efficiency, or slow-wave and rapid eye movement sleep stage duration (P > .30). Hourly awakening during noncontact tonometer IOP measurements did not seem to alter the mean variables of the 24-hour IOP pattern evaluated using CLS, including signal, maximum signal, minimum signal, acrophase, and bathyphase (P > .15). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCEThe 24-hour IOP rhythms seem to be unaffected by hourly nocturnal awakening for IOP measurements in young healthy individuals.

Estimation of 24-Hour Intraocular Pressure Peak Timing and Variation Using a Contact Lens Sensor

“…Although the sample size is small, these observations suggest that some artifacts on blood pressure may have occurred due to awakening subjects for the nocturnal IOP measurements. However, the impact may not significantly affect the estimation of 24-hour peak timing as reported previously in another study [36]. …”

Continuous intraocular pressure monitoring in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome using a contact lens sensor

“…Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and intraocular pressure fluctuations association [46]. Other studies, however, have reported a lower correlation between both values [47,48].…”

<p>Topographical Central Island-Like Pattern After 24 Hrs of Continuous Intraocular Pressure Monitoring with a Contact Lens Sensor</p>

“…6 Since then, measurements of the IOP obtained using the CLS in patients with glaucoma, healthy subjects, and patients with sleep apnea syndrome have been reported. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]18 However, there have been relatively a few reports about the influences of the CLS on the cornea. 13,[19][20][21] After wearing the CLS, the most common corneal/conjunctival finding is reported to be bulbar conjunctival hyperemia, followed by superficial punctate keratopathy and corneal epithelial erosion.…”

“…Most of the previous studies were performed in participants with spherical power between −5 and 3 diopters (D) and cylindrical power 2D or less, [8][9][10][11][12][13] awareness of blurred vision is one of the main frequent adverse events with CLS. 8,10,[14][15][16] Although the CLS is available in three curvature radius sizes: steep, medium, and flat, 8 curvature radius size of CLS is selected based on the measured corneal curvature radius of the patient's eyes.…”