House dust mite allergen induces asthma via Toll-like receptor 4 triggering of airway structural cells

Hammad, Hamida; Chieppa, Marcello; Perros, Frédèric; Willart, Monique; Germain, Ronald N.; Lambrecht, Bart N.

doi:10.1038/nm.1946

Cited by 1,009 publications

(1,051 citation statements)

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“…Less is known which PRRs drive Th2-cell associated immune responses. Recent reports suggest that house dust mite allergens initiate asthmatic inflammation by signaling through the TLR4 receptor complex in part by LPS contamination [45,46]. Our data show that the T. brucei antigen MiTat1.5 sVSG-conditioned DCs to produce IL-6 and IL-1b, which is dependent on TLR4 and the adaptor molecule MyD88.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Similar inflammatory DC maturation signatures induced by TNF or Trypanosoma brucei antigens instruct default Th2‐cell responses

Pletinckx

Stijlemans²,

Pavlović

et al. 2011

Eur J Immunol

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DCs represent the major cell type leading to polarized T-helper (Th) cell responses in vivo. Here, we asked whether the instruction of murine Th2 responses by DCs matured with the proinflammatory cytokine TNF is qualitatively different from maturation by different types of TLR4/MyD88-dependent variant-specific surface glycoproteins (VSGs) of Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei). The results obtained by analyzing DC surface markers, Notch ligand mRNA, cytokines, asthma, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) models as well as performing microarrays indicate that both types of stimuli induce similar inflammatory, semi-mature DC profiles. DCs matured by TNF or VSG treatment expressed a common inflammatory signature of 24 genes correlating with their Th2-polarization capacity. However, the same 24 genes and 4498 additional genes were expressed by DCs treated with LPS that went on to induce Th1 cells. These findings support the concept of a default pathway for Th2-cell induction in DCs matured under suboptimal or inflammatory conditions, independent of the surface receptors and signaling pathways involved. Our data also indicate that quantitative differences in DC maturation might direct Th2-vs Th1-cell responses, since suboptimally matured inflammatory DCs induce default Th2-cell maturation, whereas fully mature DCs induce Th1-cell maturation.Key words: DCs . microarray . Th2 cells . TNF . Trypanosoma Supporting Information available online IntroductionDCs play a fundamental role in the induction of adaptive immune responses as well as in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance [1][2][3]. Through the expression of pattern-recognition receptors (PPRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), DCs are able to sense a wide array of pathogens and mount an appropriate T-helper (Th) cell response [4]. Naïve CD4 1 T-cell precursors can differentiate into a variety of Th-cell lineages characterized by the cytokines produced: Th1 cells secrete predominately IFN-g, Th2 cells release IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th17 cells typically produce . Although the contribution of DCs for CD4 1 Th-cell polarization is under debate [6], several DC-derived mechanisms have been described to significantly direct Th-cell phenotypes. 3479DCs change their maturation status by upregulating surface expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules and by producing a defined set of cytokines to optimally induce distinct Th-cell responses [7][8][9]. Due to their immunostimulatory function, DCs are of particular interest in immunotherapy settings, such as cancer therapy and infectious disease intervention [10,11]. Thus, the Th-cell polarizing profile defined by the maturation signature of DCs is of vital interest. Several membrane markers on DCs and soluble factors secreted by DCs have been described to polarize toward Th2 responses. These include costimulatory molecules such as OX40 [12], , the Notch family member Jagged-2 [14], the cytokine IL-6 [15], or arachidonic acid metabolites such as PGE 2 [16][17][18]. Much less is known about the fac...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Similar inflammatory DC maturation signatures induced by TNF or Trypanosoma brucei antigens instruct default Th2‐cell responses

Pletinckx

Stijlemans²,

Pavlović

et al. 2011

Eur J Immunol

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“…65 Interestingly, we found expression of IL-33R on eosinophils in this study of pulmonary cryptococcosis (data not shown). Thus, eosinophils could be cellular targets of IL-33 produced by epithelial cells 66 and, thereby, could contribute to Th2 initiation. The definitive roles of IL-33, its cellular sources, and targets in anticryptococcal immunity remain to be defined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eosinophils Contribute to IL-4 Production and Shape the T-Helper Cytokine Profile and Inflammatory Response in Pulmonary Cryptococcosis

Piehler

Stenzel

Grahnert

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Pathology

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Susceptibility to infection with Cryptococcus neoformans is tightly determined by production of IL-4. In this study, we investigated the time course of IL-4 production and its innate cellular source in mice infected intranasally with C. neoformans. We show that pulmonary IL-4 production starts surprisingly late after 6 weeks of infection. Interestingly, in the lungs of infected mice, pulmonary T helper (Th) cells and eosinophils produce significant amounts of IL-4. In eosinophil-deficient ⌬dblGATA mice, IL-33 receptor-expressing Th2s are significantly reduced, albeit not absent, whereas protective Th1 and Th17 responses are enhanced. In addition, recruitment of pulmonary inflammatory cells during infection with C. neoformans is reduced in the absence of eosinophils. These data expand previous findings emphasizing an exclusively destructive effector function by eosinophilic granulocytes. Moreover, in ⌬dblGATA mice, fungal control is slightly enhanced in the lung; however, dissemination of Cryptococcus is not prevented. Therefore, eosinophils play an immunoregulatory role that contributes to Th2-dependent susceptibility in allergic inflammation during bronchopulmonary mycosis. Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen that is acquired by inhalation of spores and/or desiccated yeasts and leads to latent pulmonary infection in immunocompetent humans. 1 The development of cryptococcal meningitis occurs mainly in immunocompromised HIV-1-infected patients, most likely by reactivation of latent pulmonary C. neoformans infection. 2 It is estimated that 504,000 HIV-1-infected patients die every year from cryptococcal meningitis in sub-Saharan Africa, 3 which surprisingly exceeds the annual death rate of tuberculosis-associated HIV cases. Resistance against C. neoformans primarily involves monocytic effector mechanisms. 4 -6 In this context, T helper (Th) cells are central regulatory players with profound effects. Whereas IL-12-dependent Th1 responses are protective, with an additional contribution by IL-23-dependent Th17 responses, 7-9 Th2 cells producing IL-4, IL-13, and IL-5 are detrimental. 10,11 Studies 12-14 that used i.v. inoculation examined the traversal of the blood-brain barrier by C. neoformans and led to the conclusion that transmigration can occur with intracellular and extracellular fungi. In case of bronchopulmonary infection, dissemination seems to rely more on Th2 cytokines. This allergic Th2-driven inflammation represents the immunopathological pathway promoting disease by allowing cryptococci to grow inside the lung and finally enabling dissemination to the brain, ultimately causing fatal meningoencephalitis. 15 This sequela is accompanied by development of IL-4/IL-13-dependent alternatively activated macrophages, suggesting that those cells may be involved in dissemination. Alternatively activated macrophages are found only in susceptible mice 15 and show significantly reduced control of intracellular growth. 5 In addition, IL-13-dependent mucus production by goblet cells, IL-4 -...

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“…Provision of the TLR4 ligand LPS leads to a dramatic increase in motility and antigen sampling behaviour. Strikingly, instruction for this pattern of motility requires TLR4 triggering of neighbouring epithelial cells and not on DC directly [5]. It has not been studied whether lung DC subsets would differentially require this epithelial instruction.…”

Section: Functional Specializations Of Lung DC Subsetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immediately below, the lamina propria contains CD11b hi cDC [3][4][5] that express the SIRPa molecule (a ligand of CD47), and the CX3CR1 fractalkine receptor [6,7]. The conducting airways also contain pDC, best identified by additional staining for Siglec-H, or bone-marrow stromal antigen-2 (BST2) [1,2,8,9].…”

Section: Introducing Lung DC Heterogeneitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin and functional specializations of DC subsets in the lung

2010

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Lung DC bridge innate and adaptive immunity, and depending on the context, induce Th1, Th2 or Th17 response, to optimally clear infections. Conversely, lung DC can also prevent overt and harmful immune responses to harmless inhaled antigens via induction of Treg cells or via induction of neutralizing mucosal IgA antibodies. Here, we propose that these functions are not the result of a single population of DC, and instead, subsets of DC perform specialized functions.

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House dust mite allergen induces asthma via Toll-like receptor 4 triggering of airway structural cells

Cited by 1,009 publications

References 46 publications

Similar inflammatory DC maturation signatures induced by TNF or Trypanosoma brucei antigens instruct default Th2‐cell responses

Similar inflammatory DC maturation signatures induced by TNF or Trypanosoma brucei antigens instruct default Th2‐cell responses

Eosinophils Contribute to IL-4 Production and Shape the T-Helper Cytokine Profile and Inflammatory Response in Pulmonary Cryptococcosis

Origin and functional specializations of DC subsets in the lung

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