“…The outcomes for their living standards had been disappointing. Peasant resistance to the collective system was common in the 1980s, and has been identified as a factor motivating the center's de-collectivization reforms (Beresford 1985(Beresford , 1993Selden, 1993;Kerkvliet 1995). With the center's support, the Vietnam Peasant Union (VPU) was created in 1988 with the explicit aim of giving peasants a stronger voice in reform policies and-implicitly at least-promoting the center's reforms locally.…”