Household and State-istics: Cornerstones of Society in Population Censuses (Belgium, 1846–1947)

Abstract

Statistics originally meant state-istics, a scientific representation of the state for governmental purposes. It did not just cover the growing need for information in the emerging nation-states, but also contributed to establishing a new idea of government. This paper analyzes the rearticulation of the household within modern state-istics. The Belgian population censuses, which were first organized by Adolphe Quetelet, provide the material for our analyses. More particularly, we focus on the period from the mid-nineteenth until the mid-twentieth century, when the welfare state started to develop alternatives to household dependence. We discuss how the orientation shifted from the de facto to the de jure population; the state became involved in redefining the conditions for household membership. Two types of co-residential units were distinguished: family household and collective household. But inmates of collective households caused much concern; statisticians tried to reassign them administratively to households considered more appropriate. We also discuss the articulation of intrahousehold relations. Changes in the notion of “belongingness” show how the state articulated its expectations regarding the proverbial cornerstones of society.

Dangerous data: Seeing social surveys through the sexuality prism

“…The origins of scientific studies of sexuality are entwined with the growth of population statistics. The state’s interest in regulating marriage, family, childbearing, and physical health through monitoring population “state-istics” was the precursor to the modern field of demography (Cohen, 1999; Louckx and Vanderstraeten, 2015). Surveys became the authoritative source for population-level information on these topics beginning in the mid-20th century, fueled by the development of advanced methods for sampling and statistical analysis (Igo, 2008).…”

The nation‐state in its state‐istics (Belgium, 1846–1947)

“…Behind the rise of state‐istics and the avalanche of printed numbers, as Hacking puts it, ‘lay new technologies for classifying and enumerating, and new bureaucracies with the authority and continuity to deploy the technology’ (Hacking : 2–3). In this sense, we can say that population statistics is both a cause and a consequence of how we see our modern society (Holmberg et al ; Louckx and Vanderstraeten ).…”