“…For example, a 24-country comparative study called the Poverty Environment Network (PEN, 2007a) is currently under way; focusing on household income generation from forest and environmental sources (data from this China case study are included). There are also a suite of recently published case-studies that investigate a range of forest-livelihood interactions, and show forest-related income contributions ranging from 6% to 45%; (Ambrose-Oji, 2003;Appiah et al, 2009;Babulo et al, 2008;Campbell & Luckert, 2002;Cavendish, 2000;Fisher, 2004;Illukpitiya & Yanagida, 2008;Mamo, Sjaastad, & Vedeld, 2007;McElwee, 2008;Shackleton, Shackleton, Buiten, & Bird, 2007;Takasaki, Barham, & Coomes, 2001;Tieguhong & Nkamgnia, 2012;Vedeld et al, 2004;Yemiru, Roos, Campbell, & Bohlin, 2010) levels that in some cases are equal to, or exceed the contributions from agriculture. The majority of such studies are, however, located in sub-Saharan African countries, and most are focused on forest-related income derived from natural forests only (i.e., environmental income).…”