“…There are panel-based Granger causality studies of the economic growth-environmental pollution nexus [17,37] and the economic growth-energy consumption nexus (see e.g. [2,6,7,14,31,35,41,42,36,43,45,46]). However, the only panel-based studies to use a multivariate framework to examine the relationship between economic growth, energy consumption and pollution emissions are Apergis and Payne [5], who do so for a panel of Central American countries, and Apergis and Payne [8] who do so for a panel of the Commonwealth of Independent States.…”