Household, hotel and market waste audits for composting in Vietnam and Laos

Abstract

In Da Nang and Ha Long, Vietnam and in Vientiane, Laos, there was interest by local authorities in separating and composting waste in order to reduce environmental and health problems at the local landfills and to produce a soil conditioner for local agricultural use. To assist in the planning of composting projects, three studies were carried out to estimate waste quantities and composition. 1. A 9-day audit of waste from 45 vendors in a market in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. The total quantity of waste and the quantity in each of nine categories were estimated for each of six different types of vendors. 2. A 7-day audit of waste disposed by three hotels in the tourist area of Ha Long, Vietnam. Waste quantities were estimated in total, on a per guest basis, and in three main categories: compostables, recyclables and miscellaneous. 3. A 7-day audit of waste collected from 74 households in Da Nang, the fourth largest city in Vietnam. Waste from each household was separated into compostable and non-compostable waste. Over 60% of each waste source comprised compostable waste and this was considered significant enough to warrant further planning of composting operations.

MUNICIPAL WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION IN A TOURIST CITY — HOI AN, VIETNAM

“…Trung and Kumar 29) reported that two and three stars hotels generated 0. 30) meanwhile, indicated that the waste generation rate of two, three, and four stars hotels appeared identical from 0.4-0.5 kg guest -1 day -1 . Figure 6 describes the correlation between the number of hotel rooms and waste generation rate.…”

“…Byer et al, 30) indicated that compostable material (including food waste and yard waste) formed the largest portion of the hotel waste stream, accounting for approximately 60%-70%. It was slightly higher than the compostable material portion in this study.…”

A hybrid biogas system for Kolkata

“…Anaerobic Digestion MSW generated per capita in Kolkata 2006 was 0.59kg/day [2] and [4], whereas the average waste generated by a hotel guest is about three times this at 1.56kg/day [22], [23], [24], [25]. The OFMSW ranged from 55% [4] up to 83% [26] with an average of 74.2%.…”

Waste generation in traditional organized bazaars: a case study of organic waste sources in Da Nang City, Viet Nam

“…We focused on vendors that produce organic waste, separated into ten categories (Table 1). We referred to the merchandise categories in Byer et al [7] who reported on solid waste generation in a traditional market in Laos. However, our fresh food categories are more precise than those in Byer et al [7].…”

“…We referred to the merchandise categories in Byer et al [7] who reported on solid waste generation in a traditional market in Laos. However, our fresh food categories are more precise than those in Byer et al [7]. Depending on the size of the bazaar, we randomly sampled two or three shops from each category in each bazaar.…”