Household interventions for preventing domestic lead exposure in children

Yeoh, Berlinda; Woolfenden, Susan; Lanphear, Bruce P.; Ridley, Greta; Livingstone, Nuala

doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006047.pub3

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…A 2012 review of 14 studies found that educational and home-based dust control interventions are not effective in reducing blood lead levels of young children (44). In Mount Isa, education campaigns may have increased public awareness; however, there is insufficient evidence to conclude that lead levels in children have decreased and the latest results suggests that ~50% of Mount Isa children have a blood lead above 5 μg/dL, the proposed new intervention in Queensland (21).…”

Section: Assessment Of Current Interventions and Leadershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of environmental lead exposure and management in Mount Isa, Queensland

Forbes

Taylor

2015

Reviews on Environmental Health

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AbstractThe public health leadership and management of lead exposure in a lead mining and smelting community in Mount Isa is an ongoing issue. There exists deficiencies in public health and environmental legal frameworks that regulate lead exposure and management in Mount Isa, Queensland. Although some positive practical measures on lead containment have been implemented, evidence suggests they are currently inadequate. Greater investments in public health leadership at a local and state level are required to address the ongoing issue of lead in Mount Isa.

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Section: Assessment Of Current Interventions and Leadershipmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of environmental lead exposure and management in Mount Isa, Queensland

Forbes

Taylor

2015

Reviews on Environmental Health

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“…Increased risk of lead exposure is determined by exposure during pregnancy (lead crosses the placenta) [86,87], increased intake of food, water and air relative to body weight, risk behaviour (for example, hand-to-mouth behaviour), and more time spent in polluted environments (for example, home) [1,37,88,89]. The absorption of lead is four to five times higher in children than in adults (excluding pregnant women), and only 30% of the absorbed lead is excreted, while 70% is accumulated in bone, blood, brain, kidneys, liver and lungs [45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite sharp reductions in the general population’s exposure to lead since the 1970s, substantial numbers of ethnic minority and low-income children continue to exhibit unacceptably high BLLs [101,102]. To our knowledge, no systematic review has been undertaken to assess the effectiveness of interventions to reduce lead in consumer products and drinking water, although a systematic review has been conducted for household interventions for preventing domestic lead exposure in children [89]. This review is undertaken in the course of the development of WHO guidelines for the prevention and management of lead poisoning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A protocol for a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce exposure to lead through consumer products and drinking water

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe toxic heavy metal lead continues to be a leading environmental risk factor, with the number of attributable deaths having doubled between 1990 and 2010. Although major sources of lead exposure, in particular lead in petrol, have been significantly reduced in recent decades, lead is still used in a wide range of processes and objects, with developing countries disproportionally affected. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness of regulatory, environmental and educational interventions for reducing blood lead levels and associated health outcomes in children, pregnant women and the general population.Methods/designThe databases MEDLINE, Embase and the Global Health Library (GHL) will be searched using a sensitive search strategy. Studies in English, German, French, Spanish, Italian or Afrikaans will be screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We will consider randomized and non-randomized studies accepted by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care (EPOC) Group, as well as additional non-randomized studies. Screening of titles and abstracts will be performed by one author. Full texts of potentially relevant studies will be independently assessed for eligibility by two authors. A single author will extract data, with a second reviewer checking the extraction form. Risk of bias will be assessed by two researchers using the Graphical Appraisal Tool for Epidemiological studies, as modified by the Centre for Public Health at the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Any inconsistencies in the assessment of eligibility, data extraction or quality appraisal will be resolved through discussion. Where two or more studies report the primary outcome blood lead levels within the same population group, intervention category and source of lead exposure, data will be pooled using random effects meta-analysis. In parallel, harvest plots as a graphical method of evidence synthesis will be used to present findings for blood lead levels and secondary outcomes.DiscussionThis systematic review will fill an important evidence gap with respect to the effectiveness of interventions to reduce lead in consumer products and drinking water in the context of new WHO guidelines for the prevention and management of lead poisoning. It will also contribute to setting a future research agenda.

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“…7 Unfortunately, studies that evaluated the efficacy of parent education or provision of cleaning equipment to families failed to show significant reductions in children's blood lead concentrations. 8 Similarly, calcium and iron supplementation have not consistently been shown to be efficacious in reducing blood lead concentrations of children. 9,10 Collectively, these studies indicate that the focus of prevention should be on reducing the sources of childhood lead exposures rather than identifying children who have already been unduly exposed or attempting to ameliorate the toxic effects of lead exposure.…”

Section: Scope Of the Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Childhood Lead Toxicity

Lanphear¹,

Lowry²,

Ahdoot³

et al. 2016

Pediatrics

182

140

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Blood lead concentrations have decreased dramatically in US children over the past 4 decades, but too many children still live in housing with deteriorated lead-based paint and are at risk for lead exposure with resulting lead-associated cognitive impairment and behavioral problems. Evidence continues to accrue that commonly encountered blood lead concentrations, even those below 5 µg/dL (50 ppb), impair cognition; there is no identified threshold or safe level of lead in blood. From 2007 to 2010, approximately 2.6% of preschool children in the United States had a blood lead concentration ≥5 µg/dL (≥50 ppb), which represents about 535 000 US children 1 to 5 years of age. Evidence-based guidance is available for managing increased lead exposure in children, and reducing sources of lead in the environment, including lead in housing, soil, water, and consumer products, has been shown to be cost-beneficial. Primary prevention should be the focus of policy on childhood lead toxicity.

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Household interventions for preventing domestic lead exposure in children

Abstract: Analysis 2.6. Comparison 2 Environmental -Dust control, Outcome 6 Blood lead level (dichotomous ≥15 µg/dL). . Analysis 2.7. Comparison 2 Environmental -Dust control, Outcome 7 Blood lead level (dichotomous ≥15 µg/dL) ICC

Cited by 17 publications

References 46 publications

A review of environmental lead exposure and management in Mount Isa, Queensland

A review of environmental lead exposure and management in Mount Isa, Queensland

A protocol for a systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions to reduce exposure to lead through consumer products and drinking water

Prevention of Childhood Lead Toxicity

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