Household Transmission of
            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>
            among Siblings with Acute Otitis Media

Shimada, Jun; Yamanaka, Noboru; Hotomi, Muneki; Suzumoto, Masaki; Sakai, Akihiro; Ubukata, Kimiko; Mitsuda, Toshihiro; Yokota, Shumpei; Faden, Howard

doi:10.1128/jcm.40.5.1851-1853.2002

Cited by 36 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In contrast, a study of healthy children in Japan attending routine public medical checkups demonstrated an OR (95z CI) of 3.5 (2.6-4.7)-3.9 (2.8-5.3) in children with older siblings (2). A likely explanation for this is that the increased range of social activities undertaken by the older siblings' increases the opportunities for nasopharyngeal colonization with S. pneumoniae and transmission to their younger siblings (13,14). This study demonstrated a seasonal variation in pneumococcal colonization, with a significant decrease among participants in summer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Healthy Children in Japan

Ueno¹,

Ishii²,

Tateda³

et al. 2013

Jpn J Infect Dis

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SUMMARY:The findings of this study revealed a 22z prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae among healthy children in Japan; the prevalence tended to increase with age. We identified attendance at day-care facilities and the presence of older siblings as the major risk factors associated with pneumococcal carriage. A significant decrease in pneumococcal colonization was observed among children during the summer; however, a seasonal variation was independent of various factors. Our findings suggest that prior immunization with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine within the current recommended schedule is required for children exposed to these risk factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Healthy Children in Japan

Ueno¹,

Ishii²,

Tateda³

et al. 2013

Jpn J Infect Dis

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“…For each isolate, at least 20 distinguishable pneumococcal colonies on TSA plates were evaluated to determine the fraction of opaque colonies. The restriction fragment patterns of genomic DNAs purified from the restreaks of one colony of each phase type isolated from each body site were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as described elsewhere (9). Statistical analysis was performed with Prism 4 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) to compare the fractions of opaque colonies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Middle Ear Fluid and Nasopharynx of Children with Acute Otitis Media Exhibit Phase Variation

et al. 2011

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Pneumococcal phase variation of 37 middle ear and 31 nasopharyngeal isolates obtained from children with acute otitis media was examined in the absence of intervening culture. The fraction of the opaque colonies was significantly higher in middle ear isolates than in nasopharyngeal isolates. The difference is probably the result of the pneumococci adapting to differential selective environments.Streptococcus pneumoniae first colonizes the mucosal surface of the human nasopharynx and can then infect the middle ear cavity via the Eustachian tubes to cause acute otitis media (AOM). In 1994, Weiser et al. reported spontaneous, reversible intrastrain phase variation of pneumococci in colony opacity on transparent agar surfaces (15). Transparent variants associated with low levels of capsular polysaccharide are able to most efficiently colonize the nasopharynx in animal models of pneumococcal carriage (8). In contrast, opaque variants associated with greater amounts of capsular polysaccharide colonize poorly in animals and provide greater resistance to clearance by phagocytes but at the same time decrease the adherence of opaque variants to host cells (2, 4). Thus, the intrastrain phase shifts of pneumococci are hypothesized to be adaptations to different stages in the pathogenesis of infections (1,8,10,13,14). However, the phase shifts have never been clearly demonstrated with human samples. A study in 2001 examined 19 "minimally passaged" paired nasal and blood isolates, but no statistical association was observed between the phase and body isolation site (P ϭ 0.51) (12). The present study was designed to investigate the morphological phase of pneumococci by plating them on transparent agar immediately upon their isolation from the nasopharynx and middle ear of children with AOM. By avoiding any growth between isolation and plating, we hoped to minimize the effects of bacterial growth in vitro on bacterial phase. The study focused on samples from young children because of their high rates of pneumococcal carriage and AOM.Middle ear and nasopharyngeal cultures were collected from all children between 5 and 70 months of age who presented at our clinic with AOM from 2008 to 2010 and who had not previously been treated with antibiotics. No subsequent cultures were collected for the study from any patients at later clinic visits. The swabs used to collect cultures were stored on transport agar with charcoal media (Eiken Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan) at room temperature and transported to the laboratory for processing, and within 18 h of collection, they were plated on tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates for phase determination (with no intervening culture).Samples were obtained from 42 children, 25 males and 17 females, with a median age of 21.5 months. The children were all unrelated to each other, and only one culture from the nasopharynx and one from each ear were included in the study for a single patient, when available from the patient. All together, from the 42 children, 37 middle ear and 31 nasopharyngeal cultures were e...

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“…In South Africa, 74.5% (35 children out of 47) children with otitis media were due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (Huebner et al, 2003). Several studies have examined household transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae; most of such studies have suggested that children were the source of transmission to adults in the family (Hoshino et al, 2002;Shimada et al, 2002, Leino et al, 2001. Oniyangi et al, (2006) reported that 60% of HIV/AIDS patient children in Abuja were admitted based on the diagnosis of pneumonia and this disease caused the death of 71.4% of them.…”

Section: Issn: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 7 (2017) Pp 1573-1579mentioning

confidence: 99%

Throat Carrier Rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae among Students Living in Hostels in a Higher Institution

Oluboyo¹,

Oluboyo²

2017

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci

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Household Transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae among Siblings with Acute Otitis Media

Abstract: Nasopharyngeal transmission of

Cited by 36 publications

References 9 publications

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Healthy Children in Japan

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Healthy Children in Japan

Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from Middle Ear Fluid and Nasopharynx of Children with Acute Otitis Media Exhibit Phase Variation

Throat Carrier Rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae among Students Living in Hostels in a Higher Institution

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