Housing Policies for the Urban Poor in Developing Countries

Lim, Gill-Chin

doi:10.1080/01944368708976650

Cited by 35 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Thus, black Africans interested in urban life found their own incremental route to housing in settlements that were illegal but within or close proximity to towns. These practices continued even in early postindependence, where the government was harsh to these illegal structures (Lim, 1987). Beginning 1970s' to date there have been notable policy changes whereby informal housing has been increasingly recognised as part of the urban built environment.…”

Section: The Incremental Owner-built Approach In Tanzaniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost Shares and Factor-Cost Ratios in Owner-Built Incremental Housing in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Alananga¹,

Lucian²

2016

JCDC

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Abstract:The adoption of incremental owner-built techniques in housing construction relies on the associated lower cost compared to developer-built approaches. The mechanism that lowers cost is however, not obvious. This study is based on survey data that were collected using questionnaires which were distributed to 200 respondents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania with response rate of 22.5%. The analysis results, based on descriptive statistics and regression analysis indicate that an incremental house-builder targeting an additional bedroom incrementally spends 28% lower annual construction cost and each additional square meter built, is associated with 0.4% lower cost. However, such lower cost comes at a 5%-10% longer completion time. These observations suggest that spreading costs over time reduces construction cost through multiple cost-saving channels opened up by time itself and factor intensity. The intensity of incremental housing construction favours increasing expenditure on labour than capital yielding a 5% reduction in annual cost but the greatest cost reduction benefit of up to 26% is realised through increasing expenditure on "capital" with fixed spending on materials during construction.

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Section: The Incremental Owner-built Approach In Tanzaniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost Shares and Factor-Cost Ratios in Owner-Built Incremental Housing in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Alananga¹,

Lucian²

2016

JCDC

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“…The rates of spontaneous rural-to-urban migration, however, would tend not to decline as long as there is a great incentive to move from the countryside to the city. It explains why the primary cities in developing countries are beset for years by 'urban ills' arising from migrant explosion (Lim 1987 ;Cohen 2006 ). …”

Section: Harris-todaro Migration Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Mobility of Migrant Workers in Beijing, China

Liu

2015

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Multi-object tracking (MOT) is an essential technique for navigation in autonomous driving. In tracking-bydetection systems, biases, false positives, and misses, which are referred to as outliers, are inevitable due to complex traffic scenarios. Recent tracking methods are based on filtering algorithms that overlook these outliers, leading to reduced tracking accuracy or even loss of the object's trajectory. To handle this challenge, we adopt a probabilistic perspective, regarding the generation of outliers as misspecification between the actual distribution of measurement data and the nominal measurement model used for filtering. We further demonstrate that, by designing a convolutional operation, we can mitigate this misspecification. Incorporating this operation into the widely used unscented Kalman filter (UKF) in commonly adopted tracking algorithms, we derive a variant of the UKF that is robust to outliers, called the convolutional UKF (ConvUKF). We show that ConvUKF maintains the Gaussian conjugate property, thus allowing for real-time tracking. We also prove that ConvUKF has a bounded tracking error in the presence of outliers, which implies robust stability. The experimental results on the KITTI and nuScenes datasets show improved accuracy compared to representative baseline algorithms for MOT tasks.

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“…In many of our studied countries, informal settlements may contain structures that could satisfy the building codes even though they are on illegally occupied land (cf. Lim, 1987). Despite this, people in informal settlements in Zimbabwe appear to be as insecure as street sleepers.…”

Section: Securitymentioning

confidence: 99%