“…While image classification is one of the most prominent predictive applications in urban geography, there are of course other important predictive questions that can be answered in the era of "big" data: small area estimation and interpolation for socioeconomic data (Singleton and Arribas-Bel 2019), spatial patterns in large, open, georeferenced municipal data sets such as crimes, "311" calls, and parking violations (Gao et al 2019), spatiotemporal patterns in disease outbreaks using georeferenced sentiment data from social media (e.g., Allen et al 2016), the spatial distribution of pollution (Walsh et al 2017), the prediction of housing prices and rents (Mu, Wu, and Zhang 2014;Fan, Cui, and Zhong 2018;Phan 2018;Truong et al 2020), and gentrification (Alejandro and Palafox 2019; Knorr 2019), among others. In an urban planning context, predicting the future distribution of population and land use with greater precision is an area of significant opportunity for predictive model applications (Feng et al 2018).…”