How about watching others? Observation of error-related feedback by others in autism spectrum disorders

Performance monitoring in autism spectrum disorders: A systematic literature review of event-related potential studies

“…However, two studies examined oFRN amplitudes in ASD and revealed inconsistent findings (Bellebaum et al, 2014;Clawson et al, 2014). Whereas Clawson et al (2014) reported no differences in oFRN amplitudes for individuals with ASD and NTs (Cohen's d = 0.26), Bellebaum et al (2014) did reveal significant reduced FRN amplitudes in ASD (irrespective of learning type and feedback valence; see section on the FRN). Differences between studies may have contributed to the inconsistent findings.…”

“…First, as pointed out previously, participants in the Bellebaum et al (2014) study were mostly female and adults. Conversely, participants in the Clawson et al (2014) study were mostly male and children or adolescents. Second, different cognitive paradigms were employed in the two studies; Bellebaum et al (2014) used a probabilistic learning paradigm, whereas Clawson et al (2014) used a variation to the Flanker task.…”

Disentangling effects of expectancy, accuracy, and empathy on the processing of observed actions

“…In the present study, taking the modulation by expectancy into account by integrating the measured expectancies into the model, it seems that the effect of empathy on ERPs does not exceed the effect empathy has on expectation formation. This may explain inconsistent findings for a modulation of ERP components by trait empathy (Brazil et al, 2011;Clawson et al, 2014;Lockwood et al, 2015;Newman-Norlund et al, 2009;Shane et al, 2009), as this seems to depend on the task and also on the context which might modulate expectation formation.…”

“…A range of studies provided support for effects of empathy processes in action observation by showing a link between state empathy and error monitoring (Carp et al, 2009;de Bruijn & von Rhein, 2012;Kang et al, 2010;Koban et al, 2012;Marco-Pallarés et al, 2010;Mobbs et al, 2009;Weller et al, 2018). In contrast to that, studies investigating the role of trait empathy had inconclusive results (Brazil et al, 2011;Clawson et al, 2014;Lockwood et al, 2015;Newman-Norlund et al, 2009;Shane et al, 2009). This could partially be explained by assuming that the frontocentral negative ERP component does not reflect observed error processing, but the processing of prediction errors (see Alexander & Brown, 2011) and thus unexpectedness or surprise of the observed action (Bellebaum et al, 2020;Kobza & Bellebaum, 2013;Wang et al, 2015).…”

“…For example, Brazil et al (2011) and Clawson et al (2014) studied patients with psychopathy or autism, respectively, who observed another person performing a Flanker task. However, Brazil et al presented the target arrow and the response, measuring the oERN, while Clawson et al presented the target arrow, distractors and response, and added a feedback screen, measuring a component time-locked to observed feedback, the observer feedback-related negativity.…”