How ancient China dealt with summer droughts—a case study of the whole process of the 1751 drought in the Qing dynasty

Hao, Zhixin; Xiong, Danyang; Zheng, Jingyun

doi:10.1007/s10584-021-03049-5

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Meanwhile, the waterway network with the Beijing‐Hangzhou Grand Canal as the axis and the Yangtze River, the Yellow River and the Haihe River as branches maintained the society's adaptability to drought and flood disasters. For instance, the Qing government successfully responded to the 1751 drought in Zhejiang Province by transferring disaster relief grain through the waterway of the Grand Canal and the Yangtze River (Hao et al, 2021). However, such an unnaturally formed waterway was bound to be seriously disturbed by the natural system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, to ensure stable grain prices in disaster areas, the government severely cracked down on grain hoarding and punished officials who failed to do their best in the disaster-relief effort. River (Hao et al, 2021). However, such an unnaturally formed waterway was bound to be seriously disturbed by the natural system.…”

Section: Countermeasures Taken By the Government To Cope With The Floodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flood disasters and social resilience during the decline of the Qing Dynasty: Case studies of 1823 and 1849

Hao

Xiong

Zheng

2021

Hydrological Processes

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Based on historical records and crop harvest scores extracted from historical documents, this study reconstructed the spatial-temporal distribution and severities of floods in the Yangtze-Huai River valley (YHRV) in 1823 and 1849. We also summarized the effects of the floods on society and identified government measures taken to cope with the floods in the context of the economic recession in the period of 1801-1850. The 1823 flood, which was caused by the heavy precipitation of the Meiyu period and typhoons, severely affected areas in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, the 1849 flood, triggered by long-term, high-intensity Meiyu precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, mainly affected areas along the Yangtze River. The 1849 disaster was more serious than the one in 1823. In the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the 1849 flood caused the worst agricultural failure of the period 1730-1852. To deal with the disasters, the Qing government took relief measures, such as exempting taxes in the affected areas, distributing grain stored in warehouses, and transferring grain to severely afflicted areas. These relief measures were supplemented by auxiliary measures, such as exempting commodity taxes on grain shipped to disaster areas and punishing officials who failed to provide adequate disaster relief. The flood disasters disrupted the water system of the Grand Canal and forced the Qing government to transport Cao rice by sea beginning in 1826. This laid the groundwork for the rise of coastal shipping in modern China. With the economic recession of the 19th century, Chinese society was not as resilient to floods as it was in the 18th century. Compared to droughts, floods are more difficult to deal with and pose greater threats to infrastructure and normal life and work in the cities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Countermeasures Taken By the Government To Cope With The Floodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flood disasters and social resilience during the decline of the Qing Dynasty: Case studies of 1823 and 1849

Hao

Xiong

Zheng

2021

Hydrological Processes

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“…Taxes were also developed in other continents. Ancient China, Arab, Greece, Egypt, India and Athens implemented tax as part of their complex finance system to support their political, economic, social and cultural development, as well as to redistribute the wealth (McCannon, 2017;Jia, 2019;Ikromjon, 2020;Olivelle, 2020;Tridimas, 2020;Hao et al, 2021;VerSteeg, 2021). While in ancient India and Turkey, taxes were used in aspiring their religion (Pagel, 2017).…”

Section: Literature Review Taxation Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tax In Nusantara: Historical Analysis of The Fiscal Sociology Dynamics

Lenggu

Kristanto

2022

persi

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This study aims to analyze the application of taxes in several civilizations in Nusantara by using fiscal sociology perspective. This study analyzes the background of tax collection and the use of the funds, by identifying the existence of Modernization, Elite, and Militaristic backgrounds as the elements of fiscal sociology view. The literatures of taxation history were analyzed to examine the research purpose. The research comprises the identification of the traditional, colonial, independence, as well as the modern period. The result shows that the tax collection in Nusantara differ time by time, in term of the fiscal sociology perspective. Tax collection with the Elite background occurred in the traditional period, namely during the Majapahit, Ancient Mataram, and Ancient Bali kingdoms. As for the Dutch, British and Japanese colonialism, there was a change in which taxes were collected based on the Elite and Militaristic reason. Furthermore, from the Indonesian independence until now, taxation is levied against the background of Modernization Dimension.

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“…Taxes were also developed in other continents. Ancient China, Arab, Greece, Egypt, India and Athens implemented tax as part of their complex finance system to support their political, economic, social and cultural development, as well as to redistribute the wealth (Allen, 1997;Ezzamel, 2002;Hao et al, 2021;Ikromjon, 2020;Jia, 2019;McCannon, 2017;Olivelle, 2020;Tridimas, 2020;VerSteeg, 2021). While in ancient India and Turkey, taxes were used in aspiring their religion (Pagel, 2017).…”

Section: Literature Review Taxation Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%