How and why did the Lingulidae (Brachiopoda) not only survive the end-Permian mass extinction but also thrive in its aftermath?

Peng, Yuanqiao; Shi, G.R.; Gao, Yongqun; He, Wei; Shen, Shu-zhong

doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.039

Cited by 47 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…After the destruction of coniferous vegetation, lycopod spore plants came to dominate the land (1), and total benthic marine diversity remained relatively low until the Middle Triassic time (2). This was an unusually long delay for biotic recovery after a mass extinction (3), and the Early Triassic has therefore often been viewed as an interval when global conditions remained hostile to life (4)(5)(6). Both the terminal Permian crisis and a lesser mass extinction at the end of the Middle Permian were accompanied by a sharp negative shift of stable carbon isotopes, as recorded in limestones and organic carbon in numerous marine and terrestrial strata (reviewed by Retallack et al,ref.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple Early Triassic mass extinctions

Stanley

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

160

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Ammonoids and conodonts, being characterized by exceptionally high background rates of origination and extinction, were vulnerable to global environmental crises, which characteristically intensified background rates of extinction. Thus, it is not surprising that these taxa suffered conspicuous mass extinctions at the times of three negative Early Triassic global carbon isotopic excursions that resembled those associated with the two preceding Permian mass extinctions. In keeping with their high rates of origination, both the ammonoids and conodonts rediversified dramatically between the Early Triassic crises. Other marine taxa, characterized by much lower intrinsic rates of origination, were held at low levels of diversity by the Early Triassic crises; because global mass extinctions affect all marine life, these taxa must have experienced relatively modest expansions and contractions that have yet to be discovered, because they do not stand out in the fossil record and because the stratigraphic ranges of these taxa, being of little value for temporal correlation, have not been thoroughly studied.carbon isotopes ͉ Permian

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple Early Triassic mass extinctions

Stanley

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

160

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“…Lingulid fossils are found in many Permian-Triassic (shallow) marine sections (e.g. Peng et al, 2007) and the lowering of salinities in shallow marine settings and spreading anoxia provided ecological space for the lingulids (Peng et al, 2007;Rodland and Bottjer, 2001). It has been suggested that rising seawater temperatures in the Tethys resulted in strengthened monsoonal activity (e.g.…”

Section: Sea-level and Salinity Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies in East Greenland have reported fluctuating abundances of acritarchs during the late Permian and Early Triassic (e.g. Balme, 1979;Piasecki, 1984;Stemmerik et al, 2001), but very few late Permian studies have documented the relative abundance of the different genera of aquatic palynomorphs (for example, Shen et al, 2013). Similar to dinocysts, acritarch morphology has been linked to environmental conditions, and acritarchs with longer processes are generally more abundant in more open marine settings (Lei et al, 2012;Stricanne et al, 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

Salinity changes and anoxia resulting from enhanced run-off during the late Permian global warming and mass extinction event

2018

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Abstract. The late Permian biotic crisis had a major impact on marine and terrestrial environments. Rising CO 2 levels following Siberian Trap volcanic activity were likely responsible for expanding marine anoxia and elevated water temperatures. This study focuses on one of the stratigraphically most expanded Permian-Triassic records known, from Jameson Land, East Greenland. High-resolution sampling allows for a detailed reconstruction of the changing environmental conditions during the extinction event and the development of anoxic water conditions. Since very little is known about how salinity was affected during the extinction event, we especially focus on the aquatic palynomorphs and infer changes in salinity from changes in the assemblage and morphology. The start of the extinction event, here defined by a peak in spore : pollen, indicating disturbance and vegetation destruction in the terrestrial environment, postdates a negative excursion in the total organic carbon, but predates the development of anoxia in the basin. Based on the newest estimations for sedimentation rates, the marine and terrestrial ecosystem collapse took between 1.6 and 8 kyr, a much shorter interval than previously estimated. The palynofacies and palynomorph records show that the environmental changes can be explained by enhanced run-off and increased primary productivity and water column stratification. A lowering in salinity is supported by changes in the acritarch morphology. The length of the processes of the acritarchs becomes shorter during the extinction event and we propose that these changes are evidence for a reduction in salinity in the shallow marine setting of the study site. This inference is supported by changes in acritarch distribution, which suggest a change in palaeoenvironment from open marine conditions before the start of the extinction event to more nearshore conditions during and after the crisis. In a period of sea-level rise, such a reduction in salinity can only be explained by increased run-off. High amounts of both terrestrial and marine organic fragments in the first anoxic layers suggest that high run-off, increased nutrient availability, possibly in combination with soil erosion, are responsible for the development of anoxia in the basin. Enhanced run-off could result from changes in the hydrological cycle during the late Permian extinction event, which is a likely consequence of global warming. In addition, vegetation destruction and soil erosion may also have resulted in enhanced run-off. Salinity stratification could potentially explain the development of anoxia in other shallow marine sites. The input of freshwater and related changes in coastal salinity could also have implications for the interpretation of oxygen isotope records and seawater temperature reconstructions at some sites.

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“…2) (Chao, 1927), Crurithyris speciosa Wang 1956, Neochonetes strophomenoides (Waagen, 1884), N. substrophomenoides (Huang, 1932), Orthothetina ruber (Frech, 1911), Spinomarginifera alpha (Huang, 1932), S. chenyaoyanensis Huang, 1932, S. sp., Tethyochonetes guizhouensis (Liao, 1980), T. soochowensis (Chao, 1928), T. wongiana (Chao, 1928) sized ('dwarfed') lingulid brachiopods are also very common (Peng et al 2007, as is the microgastropod Polygyrina assemblage (He et al 2008). Together, the thin-shelled bivalves, 'dwarfed' brachiopods and microgastropods constitute a highly distinctive low-diversity and highabundance neritic fauna of earliest Triassic age at the Zhongzai section.…”

Section: Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes are reminiscent of morphological adjustments in some other marine invertebrate groups of Permian-Triassic age. For example, various workers have noted morphological changes in brachiopods and conodonts that have been interpreted as a response to stressful environments and the shortage of primary productivity (food supply) during the Permian-Triassic transition (Hayami 1997, Luo et al 2006, He et al 2007b, Peng et al 2007, Twitchett 2007). …”

Section: Bivalve Biostratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

A new bivalve fauna from the Permian–Triassic boundary section of southwestern China

Gao

Shi

Peng

2009

Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology

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How and why did the Lingulidae (Brachiopoda) not only survive the end-Permian mass extinction but also thrive in its aftermath?

Cited by 47 publications

References 40 publications

Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple Early Triassic mass extinctions

Evidence from ammonoids and conodonts for multiple Early Triassic mass extinctions

Salinity changes and anoxia resulting from enhanced run-off during the late Permian global warming and mass extinction event

A new bivalve fauna from the Permian–Triassic boundary section of southwestern China

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