How big is the problem of Polish agriculture?

Job creation and labour market flexibility: miracle or mirage on the Polish labour market?

“…This reflects the 10 per cent decline reported over the four years in agricultural employment. While far from sufficient to herald the needed modernisation of farming (Ingham and Ingham, 2004), it was at least a move in the required direction, particularly given the more than offsetting growth in rural employment overall. Third, both males and females saw their situations improve as a result of the labour market upturn.…”

Marginality and the New Geography of Domestic Violence Policy in Post-Communist Poland

“…However, at least one-quarter of farmers are unemployed and many of these are elderly. As a result, the modal source of income in rural areas is transfer payments from the central government, i.e., pension or unemployment benefits (Ingham & Ingham, 2004). In short, Poland's rural population is significantly dependent upon the state for income support with most living at or below the poverty line (Kim, 2000, p. 296).…”

“…Most are employed on small (an average of 6.6 hectares) family-run farms (Ingham & Ingham, 2004, p. 121). Indeed, 68% of private sector farm workers are the farms' sole proprietors, while an additional 25% are family members of the farm owners (Ingham & Ingham, 2004). Hence 93% of private sector farm workers in Poland are people working their family farm.…”

Enlargement and the labour market: perception, theory and fact

“…Indeed, the Regular Reports for 2002 show the deficit to be greatly in excess of 100 per cent of exports to the EU-15 in seven of the new members. In quantitative terms, Poland, with its large number of unrestructured peasant holdings, poses by far the largest problem and, furthermore, there are strong grounds for regarding the Labour Force Survey estimates of the number engaged in that sector as serious under-estimates of the true figures involved (Ingham and Ingham, 2004). When the necessary reforms are set in motion, the impacts on both the labour market and social cohesion could be of some significance.…”

“…4 Foreign ownership of real estate was a charged issue in both Estonia and Poland(Brücker, 2000;Ingham and Ingham, 2004).…”