How can the productivity of Indonesian cocoa farms be increased?

Tothmihaly, Andras; Ingram, V.J.

doi:10.1002/agr.21595

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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Section: Prices and Premiumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Like other agricultural commodities, cacao price variations are determined by demand and supply forces. The international demand for cacao has experienced sustained growth during the last decade due to population and income growth mainly driven by Asia and other emerging markets (Tothmihaly & Ingram, 2019). Most of the bulk cacao supply comes from West Africa and global price fluctuations are driven by factors affecting this region, including political instability and conflict, weather, crop diseases, labor shocks, logistics, and so forth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prices, specialty varieties, and postharvest practices: Insights from cacao value chains in Ecuador

et al. 2022

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Efforts to improve cacao value chains often assume that production of fine and flavor varieties will raise smallholder incomes. Undertaking postharvest practices of fermentation and drying is another exercise assumed to increase value‐added capture by smallholder producers. This study employs household data from 340 cacao farms in 15 villages in coastal Ecuador during 2018 to empirically assess these assumptions. Contrary to the common belief of the international development community, we find that the production of fine and flavor cacao varieties has no association with the price received by small‐scale producers. This is mainly due to (i) low productivity and (ii) nonexistent price premiums. Findings also suggest that the use of postharvest practices of fermentation and drying may lead to substantial price responses irrespective of the type of variety grown. The results presented here have implications for program interventions aimed at increasing farmer revenue. Programs promoting the use of fine and flavor varieties alone might be misguided and can be improved by training in modern processing techniques, regardless of the variety produced. [EconLit Citations: O12, Q01, Q12, Q13].

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Section: Prices and Premiumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prices, specialty varieties, and postharvest practices: Insights from cacao value chains in Ecuador

et al. 2022

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“…Cote d'Ivoire is the leading producer of the world, with an average annual production of 40%, followed by Ghana with 20% (Afoakwa et al, 2011;Kongor et al, 2016). The third largest producer is Indonesia, with 10% (Tothmihaly & Ingram, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and Characterisation of Pectin from Cocoa Bean Shells

Bakantiche

Momade

2022

Int. j. adv. res.

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Cocoa bean shells constitute the major waste generated from the industrial processing of cocoa beans. The shells contain about 9% of pectin and extracting it would be of economic and ecological importance. However, limited knowledge on the characteristics of the pectin from cocoa bean shells and the extraction conditions, which would yield pectin of good quality and sufficient quantity, restrict the possible use of the shells as a source of commercial pectin. The objective of this study was to extract and characterise pectin from cocoa bean shells, with focus on finding the optimum extraction conditions. The conventional hot dilute acid extraction method was used. 12 M hydrochloric acid was used to acidify water to pH 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0. Extractions were carried out at temperatures of 60, 70, and 80 °C, for different times of 0.5, 1, and 2 h. The effects of each of the conditions on yield and other properties of pectin were evaluated. Depending on the conditions under which cocoa bean shells were treated, both high methoxyl and low methoxyl pectins were extracted. At the optimum conditions of pH 3.5, extraction time of 2 h and 80 °C extraction temperature, high methoxyl pectin was obtained. The yield was 4.7%, the degree of esterification was 68.9% and the anhydrouronic acid content was 71.2%. While the methoxyl content was 8.6%, the equivalent mass was found to be 805.8 g/eq. Moisture and ash contents were 6.7 and 10.3%, respectively, and the pH of the pectin hydrocolloid was 3.7. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra confirmed the presence of functional groups found in the pectin structure. The intrinsic viscosity varied between 0.075–0.088 m3/kg and the molecular mass ranged from 23,470 - 42,384 g/mol. The results revealed that the shells are a viable source for commercial pectin, while necessary investigations focusing on the gelling, thickening, emulsifying, texturing, and stabilising potentials of the pectin from cocoa bean shells would inform of the areas of application

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“…To resolve the problem of low productivity of cocoa requires technological improvements, such as high-yielding clones with high productivity (Rubiyo and Siswanto 2012;Witjaksono and Asmin 2016), pest and disease management (Daymond et al 2017), fertilization (Abdulai et al 2020), and pruning management (Tothmihaly and Verina 2017;Effendy et al 2019). Planting resistant clones is a promising strategy (McMahon et al 2010b;Adu-Acheampong et al (2015) although it is difficult to find cocoa clones fully resistant to CPB (Niogret 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of yield and pest and disease resistance of cocoa clones in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Rubiyo, Dewi YA, Imran, Salim A, Baharudin, Indrawanto C, Ratule MT. 2020. Evaluation of yield and pest and disease resistance of cocoa clones in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5698-5607. Cocoa is one of the main plantation commodities in Indonesia. It is an important source of foreign exchange and employment. Currently, Indonesian cocoa production and productivity, including in Southeast Sulawesi, are declining due to pests and diseases. In addition, there is a lack of high-quality and high-yielding clones. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of cocoa clones and resistance to cocoa pod borer (CPB) and cocoa pod rot (CPR) disease caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora. The study tested 12 cocoa clones, which included four high-yielding clones. The research location was in Lambandia Subdistrict, Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Clonal planting material was propagated by grafting in 2010. The study used a randomized block design and the treatments consisted of 20 plants of each cocoa clone with three replications. The clones were evaluated from 2018 to 2019. The observed variables included resistance to CPB and CPR. The results of the study based on the quality component showed that the clones MT, M04, and M01 had the highest average weight per one dry bean of 1.55 g, 1.64 g, and 1.24 g, respectively. Beans produced by clones MT, M01, and M04 had an average fat content of 53.36%, 52.72%, and 50.76%, respectively. Observations of the average number of pods with CPR showed that the lowest rate of attack (about 6%) was in BAL 209 and PT. Ladongi clones, with attack intensities of 20% and 18%, respectively; therefore, these clones were classified as resistant to CPR. Evaluation of the level of resistance to attack by CPB pests found two resistant clones, PT. Ladongi and Sulawesi 2, with light levels of attack on beans.

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How can the productivity of Indonesian cocoa farms be increased?

Cited by 10 publications

References 47 publications

Prices, specialty varieties, and postharvest practices: Insights from cacao value chains in Ecuador

Prices, specialty varieties, and postharvest practices: Insights from cacao value chains in Ecuador

Production and Characterisation of Pectin from Cocoa Bean Shells

Evaluation of yield and pest and disease resistance of cocoa clones in Kolaka District, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

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